3. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:889-96.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x.
4. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 2010;39:412-23.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq034.
5. Studenski SA, Peters KW, Alley DE, et al. The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014;69:547-58.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu010.
7. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020;21:300-7e2..
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012.
9. Reginster JY, Beaudart C, Al-Daghri N, et al. Update on the ESCEO recommendation for the conduct of clinical trials for drugs aiming at the treatment of sarcopenia in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021;33:3-17.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01663-4.
10. Baek JY, Jung HW, Kim KM, et al. Korean working group on sarcopenia guideline: expert consensus on sarcopenia screening and diagnosis by the Korean Society of Sarcopenia, the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research, and the Korean Geriatrics Society. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2023;27:9-21.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.23.0009.
11. Jung HW, Baek JY. New clinical practice guidelines for sarcopenia screening and diagnosis in Korean older adults: a step forward. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2023;27:1-2.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.23.0033.
13. Bernabei R, Martone AM, Vetrano DL, et al. Frailty, physical frailty, sarcopenia: a new conceptual model. Stud Health Technol Inform 2014;203:78-84.
15. Schaap LA, van Schoor NM, Lips P, et al. Associations of sarcopenia definitions, and their components, with the incidence of recurrent falling and fractures: the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018;73:1199-204.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx245.
16. Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Sontakova L, et al. Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging 2017;12:835-45.
https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.S132940.
17. Jang IY, Lee E, Lee H, et al. Characteristics of sarcopenia by European consensuses and a phenotype score. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020;11:497-504.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12507.
19. Evans WJ, Guralnik J, Cawthon P, et al. Sarcopenia: no consensus, no diagnostic criteria, and no approved indication-How did we get here? Geroscience 2024;46:183-90.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-01016-9.
21. Kim M, Won CW. Sarcopenia in Korean community-dwelling adults aged 70 years and older: application of screening and diagnostic tools from the Asian working group for sarcopenia 2019 update. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020;21:752-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.03.018.
22. Kim M, Won CW. Prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults using the definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2: findings from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. Age Ageing 2019;48:910-6.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz091.
23. Lim S, Kim JH, Yoon JW, et al. Sarcopenic obesity: prevalence and association with metabolic syndrome in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). Diabetes Care 2010;33:1652-4.
https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0107.
24. Yigit B, Oner C, Cetin H, et al. Association between sarcopenia and cognitive functions in older individuals: a cross-sectional study. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2022;26:134-9.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.22.0027.
26. Cacciatore S, Massaro C, Landi F. Preventing osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity to care about quality of life. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2023;27:87-90.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.22.0158.
27. Hossain M, Yu D, Bikdeli B, et al. Sarcopenia and adverse post-surgical outcomes in geriatric patients: a scoping review. J Frailty Aging 2021;10:63-9.
https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2020.27.
30. Shen Y, Shi Q, Nong K, et al. Exercise for sarcopenia in older people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023;14:1199-211.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13225.
31. Moreira-Pais A, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, et al. A neuromuscular perspective of sarcopenia pathogenesis: deciphering the signaling pathways involved. Geroscience 2022;44:1199-213.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-021-00510-2.
36. Kim DY, Oh SL, Lim JY. Applications of eccentric exercise to improve muscle and mobility function in older adults. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2022;26:4-15.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.21.0138.
37. Ziaaldini MM, Marzetti E, Picca A, et al. Biochemical pathways of sarcopenia and their modulation by physical exercise: a narrative review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017;4:167.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00167.
40. Robinson S, Cooper C, Aihie Sayer A. Nutrition and sarcopenia: a review of the evidence and implications for preventive strategies. J Aging Res 2012;2012:510801.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/510801.
43. Zhao Y, Cholewa J, Shang H, et al. Advances in the role of leucine-sensing in the regulation of protein synthesis in aging skeletal muscle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:646482.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.646482.
45. Cuthbertson D, Smith K, Babraj J, et al. Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle. FASEB J 2005;19:422-4.
https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-2640fje.
47. Jung HW, Kim SW, Kim IY, et al. Protein intake recommendation for Korean older adults to prevent sarcopenia: expert consensus by the Korean geriatric society and the Korean nutrition society. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2018;22:167-75.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.18.0046.
48. Tipton KD, Hamilton DL, Gallagher IJ. Assessing the role of muscle protein breakdown in response to nutrition and exercise in humans. Sports Med 2018;48:53-64.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0845-5.
50. Draganidis D, Jamurtas AZ, Chondrogianni N, et al. Low-grade systemic inflammation interferes with anabolic and catabolic characteristics of the aged human skeletal muscle. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021;2021:8376915.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8376915.
51. Christiansen AR, Lipshultz LI, Hotaling JM, et al. Selective androgen receptor modulators: the future of androgen therapy? Transl Androl Urol 2020;9:S135-48.
https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.11.02.
53. Sawada S, Ozaki H, Natsume T, et al. The 30-s chair stand test can be a useful tool for screening sarcopenia in elderly Japanese participants. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021;22:639.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04524-x.
54. Yamada M, Lim JY, Assantachai P, et al. Five-repetition sit-to-stand test: end with the fifth stand or sit? Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022;22:362-4.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14358.
55. Jung HW, Kim S, Jang IY, et al. Screening value of timed up and go test for frailty and low physical performance in Korean older population: the Korean frailty and aging cohort study (KFACS). Ann Geriatr Med Res 2020;24:259-66.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.20.0072.
56. Rose Berlin Piodena-Aportadera M, Lau S, Chew J, et al. Calf circumference measurement protocols for sarcopenia screening: differences in agreement, convergent validity and diagnostic performance. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2022;26:215-24.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.22.0057.
57. Lim JY, Low NA, Merchant RA. Prevalence of sarcopenia in pre-frail community dwelling older adult and utility of SARC-F, SARC-CalF and calf circumference in case finding. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls 2020;5:53-6.
https://doi.org/10.22540/jfsf-05-053.
59. Lunt E, Ong T, Gordon AL, et al. The clinical usefulness of muscle mass and strength measures in older people: A systematic review. age Ageing 2021;50:88-95.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa123.
60. Evans WJ, Hellerstein M, Orwoll E, et al. D(3)-Creatine dilution and the importance of accuracy in the assessment of skeletal muscle mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019;10:14-21.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12390.
61. Kim M, Shinkai S. Prevalence of muscle weakness based on different diagnostic criteria in community-dwelling older adults: a comparison of grip strength dynamometers. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017;17:2089-95.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13027.
62. Roberts HC, Denison HJ, Martin HJ, et al. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing 2011;40:423-9.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afr051.
63. Ji S, Jang R, Roh H, et al. Comparing chair stand test protocols: fifth stand versus fifth sit. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023;23:976-8.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14723.
64. Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol 1994;49:M85-94.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/49.2.m85.
65. Jung HW. Visualizing domains of comprehensive geriatric assessments to grasp frailty spectrum in older adults with a radar chart. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2020;24:55-6.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.20.0013.
66. Tavassoli N, de Souto Barreto P, Berbon C, et al. Implementation of the WHO integrated care for older people (ICOPE) programme in clinical practice: a prospective study. Lancet Healthy Longev 2022;3:e394-e404.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00097-6.
67. Wong HJ, Harith S, Lua PL, et al. Possible sarcopenia and its association with nutritional status, dietary intakes, physical activity and health-related quality of life among older stroke survivors. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2022;26:162-74.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.22.0033.
68. Oh G, Lee H, Park CM, et al. Long-term effect of a 24-week multicomponent intervention on physical performance and frailty in community-dwelling older adults. Age Ageing 2021;50:2157-66.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab149.
69. Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for sarcopenia (ICFSR): screening, diagnosis and management. J Nutr Health Aging 2018;22:1148-61.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1139-9.
70. Park TS, Shin MJ. Effectiveness of an exercise program for older adults using an augmented reality exercise platform: a pilot study. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2023;27:73-9.
https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.23.0016.
72. Cintineo HP, Arent MA, Antonio J, et al. Effects of protein supplementation on performance and recovery in resistance and endurance training. Front Nutr 2018;5:83.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00083.
73. Rogeri PS, Zanella R Jr, Martins GL, et al. Strategies to prevent sarcopenia in the aging process: role of protein intake and exercise. Nutrients 2021;14:52.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010052.
74. Ko CH, Wu SJ, Wang ST, et al. Effects of enriched branched-chain amino acid supplementation on sarcopenia. Aging (Albany NY) 2020;12:15091-103.
https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103576.
75. Oktaviana J, Zanker J, Vogrin S, et al. The effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on sarcopenia and functional frailty in older persons: a systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging 2019;23:145-50.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1153-y.
76. Uchitomi R, Oyabu M, Kamei Y. Vitamin D and sarcopenia: Potential of vitamin D supplementation in sarcopenia prevention and treatment. Nutrients 2020;12:3189.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103189.
79. Schuelke M, Wagner KR, Stolz LE, et al. Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2682-8.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040933.
80. Becker C, Lord SR, Studenski SA, et al. Myostatin antibody (LY2495655) in older weak fallers: a proof-of-concept, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015;3:948-57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00298-3.
82. Mohammed I, Hollenberg MD, Ding H, et al. A critical review of the evidence that metformin is a putative anti-aging drug that enhances healthspan and extends lifespan. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:718942.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.718942.
83. Dalton JT, Barnette KG, Bohl CE, et al. The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2011;2:153-61.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13539-011-0034-6.
84. Papanicolaou DA, Ather SN, Zhu H, et al. A phase IIA randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to study the efficacy and safety of the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), MK-0773 in female participants with sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging 2013;17:533-43.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-013-0335-x.