Abstract
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Background
The purpose of this study was to find out the cause of discrepancy between various automated immunoassays for 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-[OH]D).
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Methods
National Institute of Standards & Technology Standard Reference Material (SRM) 972a is SRM for 25-(OH)D and consists of 4 vials of frozen serum with different concentrations of 25-(OH)D. Each concentration was measured 6 times in 3 different immunoassays: ADVIA Vitamin D Total assay (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany), ARCHITECT 25-(OH)D (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA), and COBAS Vitamin D Total assay (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland).
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Results
When using the certified reference values of SRM 972a as it is, discarding the cross-reactivity of each immunoassay, for ADVIA, the coefficient of determination (R2) as a score of regression analysis was 0.8995 and maximal difference between measured value and certified reference value was 3.6 ng/mL in level 3. The R2 and maximal differences of ARCHITECT were 0.5377 and 6.9 ng/mL, respectively, in level 4. Those of COBAS were 0.3674 and 22.3 ng/mL, respectively, in level 4. When considering cross-reactivities of each immunoassays to various 25-(OH)D metabolites, the ADVIA had R2 and maximal difference of 0.9254 and 3.3 ng/mL, respectively, in level 3. For ARCHITECT, the R2 and maximal differences were 0.7602 and 5.1 ng/mL, respectively, in level 1. Those of COBAS were 0.9284 and 4.9 ng/mL, respectively, in level 1.
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Conclusions
The cause of discrepancies between vitamin D immunoassays was mainly on the difference in cross-reactivities to various vitamin D metabolites. The discrepancies can be considerably decreased by considering cross-reactivities of each immunoassay.
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Key words: Cross reactions · Immunoassay · Reference standards · Vitamin D
INTRODUCTION
Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, is well known for its important role in maintaining calcium homeostasis, promoting bone formation in children, and maintaining bone strength in adults.[
1] Vitamin D deficiency in children is the main cause of skeletal deformities such as rickets; and vitamin D deficiency in elderly could be the cause of osteoporosis and sarcopenia.[
12]
Some studies have shown that higher serum levels of vitamin D can reduce the incidence of cancers such as breast, colorectal, and prostate.[
3] Recent studies reported that low 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-[OH]D) levels are associated with the cardiovascular disease risk factors of hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus and
the metabolic syndrome, as well as cardiovascular disease events including stroke and congestive heart failure.[
4]
Vitamin D exists in 2 major forms, Vitamin D
2 (ergocalciferol) and D
3 (cholecalciferol). These are then metabolized to 25-(OH)D
2 and 25-(OH)D
3 in the liver. Measuring the levels of both 25-(OH)D
2 and 25-(OH)D
3 is imperative to the assessment of the clinical nutritional status.[
5] Vitamin D
2 or D
3 is provided as a vitamin D supplement in many countries.
Measurement of 25-(OH)D is performed with a number of different analytical techniques. Serum 25-(OH)D levels can be measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), electro-CLIA (ECLIA), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and by the recently developed liquid chro-matography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique.[
6] Recently, automated 25-(OH)D immunoassays facilitate rapid measurement of serum vitamin D levels.[
78] Of the several diagnostic companies, Siemens, Roche, and Abbott provide automated 25-(OH)D assays. However, the results of automated 25-(OH)D assays are inconsistent and difficult to compare. Therefore, the assays for vitamin D need to be standardized. The purpose of this study was to find out the cause of discrepancy between various automated immunoassays for 25-(OH)D using certified reference material.
METHODS
1. Certified reference material for 25-(OH)D
Standard Reference Material (SRM) 972a (National Institute of Standards and Technology [NIST], Gaithersburg, MD, USA) is the standard reference material for vitamin D. It is intended for use as an accuracy control in the critical evaluation of methods for determining the amount-of-substance concentration of vitamin D metabolites in human serum.[
9] One unit of SRM 972a consists of 4 vials (Level 1 through 4) of frozen serum with different concentration levels of 25-(OH)D (
Table 1). Levels 1, 2, and 3 of SRM 972a were prepared from pools of human serum with endogenous concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. Level 4 was prepared from a pool of human serum fortified with 3-epi-25-(OH)D
3.
The 3 automated immunoassays for 25-(OH)D used in this study were ADVIA Centaur Vitamin D Total (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany), ARCHITECT 25-OH Vitamin D (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA), and COBAS Vitamin D Total (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). These assays use CLIA or ECLIA techniques. They measure various vitamin D metabolites, mainly 25-(OH)D2, 25-(OH)D3, and selectively 3-epi-25-(OH)D3, and then report the sum as total 25-(OH)D.
3. Measurement of NIST 972a using 3 automated immunoassays
For the measurement in 3 different immunoassays, we used 2 units of SRM 972a. Using first unit of SRM 972a, we performed 3 repeated measurements in each immunoassay and repeated the same procedure using second unit of SRM 972a. We thus performed a total of 6 measurements for the combination of each immunoassay and each level of SRM 972a.
4. Bias assessment of 3 immunoassays
First, we assessed the biases of each immunoassay with measured values and certified values. Second, we assessed the biases of each immunoassay with corrected certified values for cross-reactivity.
Correction for cross-reactivity of each immunoassay was performed as follows:
Corrected certified value of 25-(OH)D in an immunoassay=Σ(Certified value of SRM 972a×Cross reactivity of the immunoassay about specific metabolites)
Specific metabolites: 25-(OH)D2, 25-(OH)D3, 3-epi-25-(OH)D3
Cross-reactivities of specific metabolites in each immunoassay were provided by each manufacturer and presented in
Table 2.
RESULTS
1. Comparison between measured values and certified reference values of SRM 972a
In the comparison between measured values and certified reference values of SRM 972a, the averages of measured values in 3 automated immunoassays were presented in
Table 3. The average bias was presented in
Table 4 as 'Bias before correction'. That of ADVIA (Siemens) was 0.7 ng/mL (Min -0.7, Max 3.6). That of ARCHITECT (Abbott) was 3.3 ng/mL (Min -2.9, Max 6.9) and that of COBAS (Roche) was 5.8 ng/mL (Min -5.6, Max 22.3). Regression plot, equation for regression line, and coefficient of determination (R
2) between measured values and certified reference values were shown in
Figure 1A, C, and E.
When we corrected the certified reference values of SRM 972a considering cross-reactivity of each immunoassay, the average bias changed to the values of 'Bias after correction', as shown in
Table 4. That of ADVIA (Siemens) was -1.1 ng/mL (Min -3.3, Max 0.2). That of ARCHITECT (Abbott) was -2.6 ng/mL (Min -5.1, Max 1.5) and that of COBAS (Roche) significantly decreased to -0.1 ng/mL (Min -4.9, Max 2.4). The R
2 in each regression analysis was improved from 0.8995 to 0.9254 in ADVIA (Siemens), from 0.5377 to 0.7602 in ARCHITECT (Abbott), and from 0.3674 to 0.9284 in COBAS (Roche) (
Fig. 1).
DISCUSSION
The clinical importance of vitamin D is gaining emphasis.[
123410111213] Discrepancies between vitamin D total immunoassays are constantly raised and reported in the several studies.[
781415] Various causes of the discrepancies have been referred,[
16] but so far, the clear cause of discrepancies between immunoassays was unknown. In this study, we focused on the cross-reactivities with various vitamin D metabolites and confirmed that difference in cross-reactivities may be the main cause of discrepancy between immunoassays. Especially, the bias before considering cross-reactivity was greatest in COBAS (Roche) and the reason was the relatively high cross-reactivity (91% in
Table 2) to the epimer form of vitamin D
3, 3-epi-25-(OH)D
3. Though the epimer, 3-epi-25-(OH)D
3, is known to have significantly reduced calcemic effect, as compared with 25-(OH)D
3,[
1718] it accounts for a significant proportion of total 25-(OH)D in adults [
19] as well as infants.[
20] Therefore, it is important to discriminated the epimer from total 25-(OH)D.
Due to the discrepancies of various vitamin D assays, the need for standardization has been further highlighted. Generally, there are 2 possible ways for standardization. The first is using a reference measurement procedure. A method using isotope-dilution (ID) LC-MS/MS was developed and has been accepted as a reference method.[
521] However, typical clinical laboratories are not equipped for mass spectrometry because of high cost and difficulty of operation. Second, the possible alternative is to use relatively cheap standard reference material. However, as the results of this study indicated, the use of certified reference values as it is, results in large differences with measured values in a certain immunoassay. For successful measurement of standard reference material, we must consider the cross-reactivity of each immunoassay. But, even considering cross-reactivities of each immunoassay, it is not sufficient for the standardization of total vitamin D immunoassays. These assays have intrinsic and indelible limitation for standard-ization. Because the analyte of total vitamin D assay is not a pure substance but mixture of various metabolites and the mixing proportion of these metabolites is diverse in each individual, it is difficult to specify a certain correction factor for the standardization.
The limitation of this study was that the sample was not a natural human serum. Though the reference material was based on human serum, the detailed composition of vitamin D metabolites can be different from natural human serum. Especially, 3-epi-25-(OH)D3 was fortified in the SRM 972a, hence the proportion of epimer may be different to the natural human serum. In additional research, it is necessary to verify the actual effect of cross-reactivities using various natural human serum.
In summary, significant discrepancies between measured values and certified reference values were found in the 25-(OH)D immunoassays. The cause of discrepancies was on the difference in cross-reactivities to various vitamin D metabolites. And the discrepancies can be considerably decreased by considering cross-reactivities of each immunoassay.
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
DECLARATIONS
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No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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This research was supported by Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy through Standard Reference Data Program.
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Fig. 1Regression plots between reference values and measured values of Standard Reference Material (SRM) 972a. (A) and (B) are of ADVIA (Siemens), (C) and (D) are of ARCHITEC (Abbott), (E) and (F) are of COBAS (Roche). X axis means reference values of SRM 972a in (A), (C), and (E); while X axis means corrected reference values for cross-reactivity in (B), (D), and (F).
Table 1Certified values for vitamin D metabolites in Standard Reference Material (SRM) 972a
Table 2Cross-reactivitiesa) of three automated immunoassays
Table 3Averages of measured values (ng/mL) of Standard Reference Material (SRM) 972a in 3 different immunoassays
Table 4Biases (ng/mL) observed in 3 different immunoassays
