Journal of Bone Metabolism

"Osteoporosis"

Review Article

Fatty Acid-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Skeletal Metabolism: Hyun-Ju Kim, Dong-Kyo Lee, Xiangguo Che, Sihoon Lee, Je-Yong Choi; J Bone Metab 2026;33(1):1-17.
Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.25.937

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), commonly known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, represent one of the largest and most functionally diverse families of membrane receptors. These receptors mediate cellular responses to external signals, thereby influencing various physiological processes. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the importance of GPCRs in skeletal health, particularly in regulating bone metabolism and the pathogenesis of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Among GPCRs, a specific subset that responds to fatty acids, including GPR40, GPR120, GPR41, GPR43, GPR84, and GPR119, has received significant attention for its role in skeletal homeostasis. Acting as lipid sensors, these receptors detect changes in fatty acid availability and transduce signals that modulate the differentiation, function, and survival of key bone cell populations, including osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of fatty acid-sensing GPCRs in skeletal metabolism, highlighting their potential as novel therapeutic targets for metabolic bone diseases.

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Original Articles

Trabecular Bone Score and Mortality Risk in a Population-Based Cohort of Older Adults: Carlos H. Orces; J Bone Metab 2026;33(1):40-49.
Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.25.917

Background
Osteoporosis is consistently reported to increase mortality risk in older adults. Whether trabecular bone score (TBS), an indirect index of trabecular microarchitecture, increases mortality risk has not been widely studied.
Methods
Participants aged 60 years and older in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2005 to 2008 with complete data on TBS lumbar vertebrae were linked to the public-use mortality files through December 31st, 2019. The X-tile software (version 3.6.1; Yale University) was used to obtain the overall and sex-specific optimal TBS cut-off values associated with all-cause mortality (log-rank test P<0.0001). Then, TBS was grouped into low (≤1.24), medium (1.25-1.39), and high (≥1.40) categories.
Results
A total of 2,641 participants with a mean age of 69.8 (standard error 0.2) years comprised the study sample. Of those, 1,109 older adults died after a median follow-up of 140 months. Overall, survival probability progressively decreased across TBS categories, which was accentuated in subjects with low TBS. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that participants with low TBS had 47% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.96) greater all-cause mortality risk than their counterparts with high TBS, even after accounting for potential confounders including bone mineral density. Notably, older adults with low TBS had 2-fold higher risk of cancer-related mortality than those with high TBS (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.17-3.67).
Conclusions
Low TBS was significantly associated with greater all-cause and cancer-related mortality in older adults.

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Mapping a Decade of Osteoporosis and Fracture Research: A Bibliometric Analysis (2015–2025): Oluwafemi Samson Balogun, Sunday Adewale Olaleye, Margaret Adebola Balogun, Esther Olubunmi Olaleye, Muhammad Zeshan Arshad, Keijo Haataja, Pekka Toivanen; J Bone Metab 2026;33(1):94-107.
Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.25.903

Background
Osteoporosis is a major global health concern, affecting over 200 million individuals worldwide. Although numerous clinical and experimental studies exist, comprehensive analyses integrating fracture-related and drug-specific research remain limited. Examining global research trends can highlight evolving themes, key contributors, and areas requiring scientific attention.
Methods
We performed a bibliometric analysis of literature on osteoporosis and fractures, including drug-specific terms (denosumab, romosozumab, teriparatide), published between 2015 and 2025 in the Scopus Core Collection. Data were assessed for publication trends, authorship, institutional output, international collaboration, and thematic evolution using Bibliometrix-Biblioshiny in RStudio. Network analyses included co-authorship and keyword co-occurrence mapping for both quantitative and qualitative insights.
Results
From 4,450 articles, annual output showed steady growth, peaking between 2021 and 2024. The United States, Japan, and China led in publication volume and citation impact, while Osteoporosis International was the most productive journal. Citation averages declined recently due to lag in newer publications. Thematic mapping identified pharmacological therapies such as denosumab and teriparatide as core themes, while “fracture prevention” and “DXA-based assessment” emerged as active research fronts. International collaboration decreased after 2020, particularly affecting contributions from low- and middle-income countries.
Conclusions
Global osteoporosis research demonstrates sustained productivity but declining collaboration and limited thematic diversification. Strengthening international networks, supporting underrepresented regions, and expanding focus to preventive and non-pharmacological strategies are essential for equitable and impactful progress.

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Bisphosphonate Use and Reduced All-Cause Mortality in Korean Women Older than 50 Years: A Nationwide Sample Cohort Study: Soon Young Park, Jisoo Lee, Youjin Lee, Jung-Wee Park, Young-Kyun Lee; J Bone Metab 2025;32(4):323-330.
Published online November 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.25.933

Background
The survival impact of bisphosphonates (BPs) remains uncertain, particularly in East Asian populations, where new-user analyses have been limited.
Methods
This was a retrospective, new-user cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort (2002–2011). We identified new users of BPs (N=41,854), and a 1:1 age-matched control group (N=41,854) among women aged ≥ 50 years. Participants were followed for all-cause mortality for up to 10 years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs), adjusting for age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index.
Results
A total of 83,708 women were included. Compared with the control group, the risk of all-cause mortality was lower in BP group. BP users showed adjusted HR of 0.47 (95% confidence interval, 0.44–0.49; P<0.001) compared to controls.
Conclusions
In this large, nationwide Korean cohort, initiating BPs was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality in women aged 50 and older. These findings suggest that BPs may have survival benefits beyond fracture prevention.

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Review Article

Endocrine Regulation of Osteoporosis: Insights from the Brain-Bone Axis Theory: Xin Chen, Jialing Wang, Tingting Deng, Qing Ni, Fanjie Liu; J Bone Metab 2025;32(4):247-262.
Published online November 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.25.887

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mass and increased risk of fractures, with limitations in traditional treatment methods. The “brainbone axis” theory has revealed a bidirectional regulatory network between the central nervous system and the skeletal system, providing new insights into the mechanisms and treatment of OP. This review summarizes the bidirectional regulatory mechanisms of the “brain-bone axis”, including descending pathways (such as the regulation of bone metabolism by the sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and hypothalamic nuclei) and ascending feedback (such as bone-derived factors influencing central nervous system function through the blood-brain barrier), and explores the synergistic roles of endocrine systems (such as the thyroid axis and gonadal axis) within this network. Additionally, the article summarizes multi-modal treatment strategies based on the “brain-bone axis” theory, offering new insights for the precise prevention and treatment of OP. Future research should further integrate basic and clinical studies to advance the paradigm shift of OP from a localized bone disorder to a systemic disease.

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1. Poor Bone Health Associated with Reduced Cerebral Perfusion and Brain Volume in Older Adults
Tiffany Y. So, James F. Griffith, Jill Abrigo, Lin Shi, David K. W. Yeung, Jason Leung, Timothy Kwok, Vincent C. T. Mok
Diagnostics.2026; 16(4): 529. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Awareness, Knowledge, and Health Beliefs Regarding Osteoporosis among Hypothyroid Patients in Turkey: An Observational Study: Feyza Nur Yücel, Mustafa Hüseyin Temel, Muhammed Görgel, Yeliz Bahar-Özdemir, Emre Ata, Eylem Çağıltay; J Bone Metab 2025;32(3):200-211.
Published online August 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.25.855

Background
Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid dysfunction, and current evidence suggests that it increases the risk of osteoporosis in these patients. Assessing the level of osteoporosis awareness and understanding among hypothyroid patients is an important requirement for implementing preventive interventions to maintain bone health.
Methods
Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels were recorded along with the patients’ demographics. Osteoporosis awareness was assessed with the osteoporosis awareness scale (OAS), and knowledge level was assessed with the revised osteoporosis knowledge test (R-OKT). Health beliefs related to osteoporosis were evaluated using the osteoporosis health belief scale (OHBS).
Results
The median (interquartile range) values for OAS and R-OKT of 348 patients were calculated as 66.0 (32.0) and 9.0 (5.0), respectively. Female patients had higher OAS scores (P<0.001), OHBS benefits of exercise (P=0.002), and calcium intake (P<0.001) subscores compared to males. The distribution of OAS, R-OKT, and OHBS total and susceptibility scores differed significantly across education categories (P<0.001). The linear regression model revealed significant predictors of OAS score variation, including gender (β=-0.27, P<0.001), education (β=0.09, P=0.045), and osteoporosis knowledge (β=0.49, P<0.001).
Conclusions
Patients with hypothyroidism, particularly males and those with lower educational attainment, lack adequate knowledge and awareness regarding osteoporosis. To better comprehend and manage osteoporosis, targeted educational initiatives are required for this vulnerable group.

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High Radiological Worsening in Patients with Vertebral Fragility Fractures and the Associated Factors: Mauricio Soto-Subiabre, Victor Mayoral, Lidia Valencia-Muntalà, Carlos González, Carmen Gómez-Vaquero; J Bone Metab 2025;32(2):143-154.
Published online May 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.25.835

Background
To investigate the contribution of radiological characteristics of baseline fragility vertebral fractures (FVF) and clinical characteristics to the development of radiological worsening (RW).
Methods
Patients were recruited between 2015 and 2018. The primary outcome was the identification of RW in a radiological second image, defined as the progression of prevalent FVF, new FVF, or both. Data on fracture risk fractures, bone mineral density, analgesia requirements, and antiosteoporosis treatment were recorded. The radiological features of baseline FVF included fracture number, location(s), severity grade (Genant method), kyphosis angle, and spine index deformity.
Results
A total of 223 patients with at least one follow-up radiological evaluation were included. Another 199 patients had no radiological follow-up. Of those with follow-up, 69% presented RW, accounting for 36.5% of the total cohort (422 patients). The incidence rate of RW was 73.8/1,000 patient-years. Among those with RW, 61% showed progression of FVF, 27% developed new FVF, and 12% had both. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that multiple FVF and worse grades of FVF at baseline were variables significantly associated with RW. Baseline characteristics of FVF that increased the risk of RW by progression of FVF was grade 1 (odds ratio [OR], 3.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47-7.02) and grade 2 (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.05-3.68) and by new FVF was grade 3 (OR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.39-7.33) FVF.
Conclusions
Approximately one-third of patients with FVF experienced RW, with progression of FVF being the most common event. A higher number of FVF and a greater severity at baseline are associated with RW.

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Positive Effect of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Consumption on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women Assessed by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry-Based 3-Dimensional Modeling: Lucas R. Brun, Muriel M. Henríquez, Luis A. Ramírez Stieben, Mariana Cusumano, Jorge Homero Wilches-Visbal, Fernando Daniel Saraví, María Lorena Brance; J Bone Metab 2025;32(2):123-132.
Published online May 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.827

Background
Yerba mate (YM) drinking is associated with higher lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. We analyzed its effect on total hip BMD and reported the contribution of the trabecular and cortical components to this effect.
Methods
A control group of 147 non-drinkers was compared to 153 YM drinkers. Left hip BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and three-dimensional (3D)-Shaper software was used to estimate integral volumetric BMD (vBMD), cortical surface BMD (sBMD), and trabecular vBMD through 3D modeling.
Results
No significant difference was found between groups in either age (p=0.746) or body mass index (BMI; p=0.329). The YM group had significantly higher total hip BMD, integral vBMD, cortical sBMD, and trabecular BMD (all p<0.0001). The frequency of DXA-based osteoporosis diagnosis was lower in YM drinkers (3.3% vs. 10.9%; odds ratio [OR], 0.276). The rate of low-impact fractures was significantly reduced in YM drinkers (5.9% vs. 12.9%; OR, 2.197). Linear regression analyses revealed that cortical and trabecular parameters correlated positively with BMI and negatively with age in both groups. The slope of the lines did not differ between groups, but the elevation was uniformly higher in the YM group (p=0.0004 to p<0.0001).
Conclusions
Our study provides novel insights into YM consumption and bone health in postmenopausal women. We confirm its positive association with BMD and demonstrate, for the first time, that both cortical and trabecular compartments contribute to this effect. Our findings also suggest a potential protective role of YM against osteoporosis and fragility fractures.

Citations

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1. Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review of Mechanistic and Clinical Evidence
Manuela Cassotta, Qingwei Cao, Haixia Hu, Carlos Rabeiro Martinez, Luis Alonso Dzul Lopez, Santos Gracia Villar, Maurizio Battino, Francesca Giampieri
Nutrients.2025; 17(24): 3853. CrossRef

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The Influence of Fish Bone Powders on the Bone Density in Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis Rats: Annis Catur Adi, Wizara Salisa, Sri Fatmawati, Emyr Reisha Isaura, Heni Rachmawati; J Bone Metab 2025;32(2):103-113.
Published online April 18, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.819

Background
The adequacy of calcium from food consumption is difficult to meet because of its low absorption rate, causing an increased risk of osteoporosis. One of the ways to increase calcium absorption is to increase its solubility by decreasing its particle size. This study aimed to observe the influence of particle size and mineral composition of various fish bone powders on bone density enhancement after oral administration to corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis rats.
Methods
The test stages carried out include manufacturing fish bone flour and nanonization, characterization (particle size and nutritional content), conducting experimental tests on rats using blood serum samples, and observing bone growth and density. The types of fish studied were catfish, snakehead fish, mackerel, and snapper.
Results
Nanonization processing has been proven to reduce the size of flour particles, increase its nutritional and mineral content, and maximize the calcium absorption rate in rats. The results of the test on experimental animals induced osteoporosis showed that rats given the intervention of milling snapper fish bone meal produced the best outcomes in body length, body mass index, calcium, magnesium, and serum phosphorus (P<0.05). While in bone parameters, catfish bone meal was the most optimal in encouraging bone density percentage.
Conclusions
In conclusion, to increase serum minerals and bone density optimally, in addition to reducing particle size, the ratio of mineral content also needs to be considered.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

1. Integration of fishbone deep processing technology with animal experiments on inventive calcium supplements for aquatic circular economy
Erh Ruei Wang, Chih Hsiung Huang, Kuang Ting Huang, Wen Ling Shih, Tsung Ming Yeh
Applied Food Research.2025; 5(2): 101334. CrossRef

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Twenty-Year Trends in Osteoporosis Treatment and Post-Fracture Care in South Korea: A Nationwide Study: Kyoung Jin Kim, Kyoung Min Kim, Young-Kyun Lee, Jihye Kim, Hoyeon Jang, Jaiyong Kim, Ha Young Kim; J Bone Metab 2025;32(1):57-66.
Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.829

Background
Osteoporosis is a significant public health issue in aging populations. Despite advances in pharmacotherapy, underdiagnosis and undertreatment remain prevalent even in patients with recent fractures. This study examined 20-year trends (2002– 2022) in anti-osteoporotic medication (AOM) usage in South Korea.
Methods
Data from the Korean National Health Information Database were retrospectively analyzed. The study included individuals aged ≥50 years and analyzed prescription trends, medication adherence, measured by the medication possession ratio (MPR), and treatment initiation rates post-fracture. The AOMs examined included bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, denosumab (DMAB), teriparatide (TPTD), and romosozumab (ROMO).
Results
Over two decades, AOM use has shifted significantly from oral to injectable formulations, with injectables surpassing oral medications in 2020; from 397,440 prescriptions in 2016 to 1,162,779 in 2022. Prescriptions for DMAB surged following its approval as a first-line therapy in 2019, increasing 2.65 times from 217,606 in 2019 to 575,595 in 2022. The MPR improved from 35.4% in 2003 to 73.2% in 2021, with females demonstrating higher adherence than males. Post-fracture treatment rates increased from 31.1% in 2006 to 39.9% in 2021 but remained below 50%. Vertebral fractures had the highest treatment initiation rates, while anabolic agents, such as TPTD and ROMO were underprescribed despite their efficacy.
Conclusions
This 20-year analysis highlights significant progress in osteoporosis management in South Korea, including a shift towards injectable therapies and improved adherence. However, the persistent undertreatment of high-risk patients underscores the requirement for enhanced access to anabolic agents, clinician education, and policy reforms to optimize post-fracture care.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

1. Multidisciplinary management of acute osteoporotic vertebral fracture: results of a national Delphi consensus
Luis Alvarez-Galovich, Estanislao Arana, Juan Francisco Blanco Blanco, José Manuel Cancio Trujillo, Santos Castañeda, Carolina de Miguel Benadiba, Alfonso González Ramírez, Guillermo Martínez Díaz-Guerra
Archives of Osteoporosis.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Nationwide Big Data Studies of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database: Research Trends and Standardization of Operational Definitions
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Beom-Jun Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(1): 86. CrossRef
3. National trends in osteoporosis in the general older population and postmenopausal women, to the COVID-19 pandemic by related factors, 2001-2021: a nationwide study in South Korea
Hyejun Kim, Jaeyu Park, Jiseung Kang
Life Cycle.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
4. Hysteroscopy in Asymptomatic Postmenopausal Women With Thickened Endometrium: Analyzing Clinical Characteristics and Pathology With an Emphasis on SERM History
Ze Liang, Xiangyu Gu, Yifan Dong, Wenbo Li, Changshuai Lv, Ling Li, Jiali Tong
Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology.2025; 32(12): 1074. CrossRef
5. From Bone Health to Lifespan: Pleiotropic Effects of Antiresorptive Agents
Kyoung Jin Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(4): 508. CrossRef
6. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward osteoporosis: a questionnaire survey
Min Xue, Jiesheng Xia, Xiaohui You, Xun Zhu, Li Zheng, Qi Wei, Miao Zheng, Jialong Tao, Yuntian Shen, Qi Zhou, Jiani Qian, Minjie Chu, Youjia Xu
Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
7. Risk of Pelvic Insufficiency Fractures in Cervical Cancer Survivors: Using the National Claim Database
Ki-Tae Park, Jung-Wee Park, Ye Jin Jeon, Jean Kyung Bak, Bit-Na Yoo, Youn Kyung Chung, Byung-Ho Yoon, Young-Kyun Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
8. Cost-utility analysis of coordinator services (FLS) in patients with femur fractures
Gyeong-Min Lee, Han-Sol Jang, Minsu Choi, Yonghan Cha, Seung Hoon Kim, Minah Park, Kwang-Soo Lee, Jae-Hyun Kim
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
9. Trends of incidence and 1-year mortality of vertebral fractures in Korea using nationwide claims data
Young-Kyun Lee, Jung-Wee Park, Tae-Young Kim, Jihye Kim, Hoyeon Jang, Jaiyong Kim, Yong-Chan Ha
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Treatment Goals for Prevention of Vertebral Fractures in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Takeshi Mochizuki, Mari Ando, Koichiro Yano, Ryo Hiroshima, Katsunori Ikari, Ken Okazaki; J Bone Metab 2025;32(1):49-56.
Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.811

Background
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at an increased risk of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with vertebral fractures and treatment goals to prevent new vertebral fractures in patients with RA.
Methods
The database used in this study included outpatient data of RA patients at the authors’ hospital of RA patients taken from 2018 to 2022. The patients underwent annual imaging evaluations to assess parameters, including bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (LS; L2-4), total hip, and femoral neck, as well as vertebral fractures. Vertebral fractures were evaluated using radiographic images of the T8 to L5 vertebrae.
Results
The prevalence rates of new vertebral fractures in 2018–2019, 2019–2020, 2020– 2021, and 2021–2022 were 2.0%, 1.3%, 2.3%, and 2.0%, respectively. The presence of existing vertebral fractures was associated with new vertebral fractures (p=0.003; odds ratio, 0.241; 95% confidence interval, 0.093–0.624). The cut-off T-score values for the LS for new vertebral fractures in patients with or without pre-existing vertebral fractures were -0.7 (sensitivity, 40.9%; specificity, 100%) and -1.4 (sensitivity, 69.0%; specificity, 62.5%), respectively.
Conclusions
The presence of pre-existing vertebral fractures is an independent factor associated with new vertebral fractures. It is important to tailor treatment goals based on the presence or absence of vertebral fractures to effectively prevent new fractures.

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Review Article

Efficacy of Bisphosphonate in Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Arzu Jalilova, Alessandra Cocca; J Bone Metab 2025;32(1):1-10.
Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.809

This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the use of bisphosphonates (BPs) in the treatment of bone complications in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF1 is a genetic disorder marked by multiple benign tumors of the nervous system and various skeletal abnormalities, such as osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. BPs are drugs that inhibit bone resorption, commonly used to treat osteoporosis and other bone diseases. The review identified multiple studies examining the effects of BP therapy in NF1 patients. Most studies reported improvements in bone mineral density and reduced fracture occurrence. The most commonly reported side effects were mild gastrointestinal symptoms and transient musculoskeletal pain. However, the evidence is limited by the small number of studies and the heterogeneity of patient populations and treatment protocols. In conclusion, BPs show improvements in managing NF1 complications such as osteoporosis and a reduction of fracture risk in NF1 patients. While the existing studies suggest positive outcomes, there is a need for more rigorous, large-scale studies to establish standardized treatment protocols and long-term safety profiles. Healthcare providers should consider BP therapy as a potential option for NF1 patients with significant bone complications, while also monitoring for possible adverse effects.

Citations

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1. Molecular role of DRG1 in coordinating osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation during bone remodeling
Jung Ha Kim, Semun Seong, Kabsun Kim, Inyoung Kim, Jeong-Tae Koh, Nacksung Kim
Molecules and Cells.2026; : 100342. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Incidence of Hypercalcemia and Vertebral Fractures Following Denosumab Withdrawal in Lung Cancer Patients: A Longitudinal Cohort Study: Marta Villanova, Sharon H. Chou, Le Min; J Bone Metab 2025;32(1):38-48.
Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.803

Background
Bone-target agents (BTAs), including denosumab (DMAb), are one of the bone metastasis treatments that should continue indefinitely. However, BTAs may be interrupted in some cases. In osteoporosis, DMAb withdrawal causes a rebound effect characterized by an increased bone turnover with spine fractures and hypercalcemia; evidence of the DMAb withdrawal effect in oncology is lacking.
Methods
This study aimed to identify the DMAb withdrawal effect amongst lung cancer patients treated with DMAb for bone metastases between January 2020 and December 2021. Patients who discontinued DMAb were included. Encounter notes, radiological and laboratory findings were comprehensively reviewed.
Results
Thirty patients were included with a median follow-up of 21 months (interquartile range [IQR], 10-30) after DMAb discontinuation. Bisphosphonates were administered before starting DMAb in 7 patients (23.3%) and after DMAb withdrawal in 4 cases (13.3%). Three cases of DMAb withdrawal-related hypercalcemia and 3 cases of spine fractures following DMAb cessation were identified in 5 patients (16.7%), all of them were females and the median age was 65 years old (IQR, 65-70). No statistical difference in DMAb duration or number of injections was found in patients developing DMAb withdrawal-related spine fractures or hypercalcemia compared with others (binary logistic regression, p=0.688 and p=0.938, respectively).
Conclusions
Patients with bony-metastatic lung cancer, especially post-menopausal women, are at risk of fractures and calcium abnormalities after DMAb discontinuation, suggesting that DMAb withdrawal effect may also be present in the oncological setting. A close follow-up and careful monitoring during and after discontinuation of DMAb is necessary.

Citations

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1. Atypical femoral fracture and jaw osteonecrosis under high doses of denosumab, healed with the aid of low dose of denosumab: a case report
Hanene Lassoued, Olivier Lamy, Cyril Francioli, Elena Gonzalez Rodriguez
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Hypercalcemia of Malignancy and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Following Denosumab Discontinuation in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Case Report
Omar Shazley, Christina Orr
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
3. Transient increase in skeletal-related events after discontinuation of high-dose denosumab in cancer patients
Nokitaka Setsu, Nobuhiko Yokoyama, Taito Esaki, Masafumi Yamaguchi, Eriko Tokunaga, Takahito Negishi
Journal of Bone Oncology.2025; 55: 100717. CrossRef
4. Parathyroid Hormone (1–34) Signaling for Bone Health in Breast Cancer Survivorship and Metastasis
Shinyoung Oh, Ha Ram Oh, Chen Shen, Young Ran Park, Ji Hyun Park
Journal of Cellular Physiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Generate Quantitative Computed Tomography-Equivalent Computed Tomography Image Interpretation Reports in Patients with Spinal Deformities: Hyunbin Kim, Hyeon Su Kim, Shinjune Kim, Jun-Il Yoo; J Bone Metab 2025;32(1):31-37.
Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.801

Background
Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) is essential for assessing osteoporosis and monitoring spinal deformities. “Clari-QCT,” a software that uses artificial intelligence to analyze conventional computed tomography (CT) scans and produce QCTequivalent reports. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Clari-QCT by comparing its results with traditional QCT, with the goal of validating new diagnostic tools for spinal deformities.
Methods
The study analyzed dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, CT, and QCT data from 18 patients at Inha University Hospital. Clari-QCT software was evaluated for its ability to generate QCT-equivalent reports from CT images. The software processes abdomen CT images, calculates bone density in designated slices, and provides bone mineral density (BMD), T-score, and Z-score values. Patients were classified into normal, mild, and severe spinal deformity groups. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis was used to measure the agreement between actual and predicted BMD values.
Results
The study included participants with an average age of 64 and a mean body mass index of 24.88. The average BMD was 94.7 g/cm³ by QCT and 122.5 g/cm³ by Clari- QCT, with individual differences ranging from 4.9 to 61.8. T-score discrepancies ranged from 0.16 to 6.86. ICC analysis showed moderate to high agreement between methods, with ICC1 values of 0.597, ICC2 of 0.64, ICC3 of 0.81, and ICC1k, ICC2k, ICC3k values ranging from 0.748 to 0.895.
Conclusions
Clari-QCT demonstrates good agreement with actual QCT measurements in normal and severe spinal deformity groups but shows reduced accuracy in patients with mild deformities. If the limitations are addressed, it could become a useful tool for monitoring bone health in patients with spinal deformities.

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Pharmacogenetics of Response to Bisphosphonate Treatment in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Prospective Study: Sirin Akbulut Ayturk, Ozden Ozyemisci Taskiran, Ebru Koseoglu Tohma, Aylin Sepici Dincel, Nesrin Demirsoy, Vesile Sepici; J Bone Metab 2025;32(1):21-30.
Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.787

Background
This study aims to investigate the effect of genetic polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR), estrogen receptor 1 (ER1), and Col1a1 on the response to bisphosphonate (BP) therapy in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP).
Methods
Twenty-one women with postmenopausal OP who received alendronate, ibandronate, or zoledronic acid for one year were enrolled in this study. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after 12 months. Serum osteocalcin levels were measured at baseline and after 12 months. Polymorphic sites of the genes encoding ER1, VDR and Col1a1 proteins were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and examined using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Response to BP treatment and change in osteocalcin levels were compared among women with different gene polymorphisms.
Results
Ratio of responders to treatment regarding improvements in the BMD of lumbar spine and femoral neck was adequate in 76% and 62%, respectively. There was no significant difference in treatment response regarding BMD in either region or change in serum osteocalcin levels among different gene polymorphisms.
Conclusions
These findings did not support the potential role of VDR BsmI, Col1a1 Sp1, ER1 PvuII, or XbaI polymorphisms in predicting the response to BP therapy in women with postmenopausal OP. Further investigation with larger prospective studies is required.

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Discriminatory Accuracy of Fracture Risk Assessment Tool in Asian Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Dheeraj Jha, Manju Chandran, Namki Hong, Yumie Rhee, Seungjin Baek, Stephen J. Ferguson, Benedikt Helgason, Anitha D. Praveen; J Bone Metab 2024;31(4):296-315.
Published online November 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.781

Background
This review explores the discriminative ability of fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) in major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) and hip fracture (HF) risk prediction and the densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis in Asian populations.
Methods
We systematically searched the EMBASE, Cochrane, and PubMed databases from the earliest indexing date to January 2024. Studies were included if FRAX was used to identify future osteoporotic fractures or a densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis in an Asian population and reported the area under the curve (AUC) values. Meta-analyses were conducted after quality assessment for AUC with 95% confidence intervals across the following categories: standard FRAX without/with bone mineral density (BMD), adjusted FRAX, and BMD alone for fracture prediction, as well as standard FRAX for densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis.
Results
A total of 42 studies were included. The AUC values for predicting fracture risk using FRAX-MOF with BMD (0.73 [0.70–0.77]) was highest compared to FRAX-MOF without BMD (0.72 [0.66–0.77]), and adjusted FRAX-MOF (0.71 [0.65–0.77]). The AUC values for predicting fracture risk using FRAX-HF with BMD (0.77 [0.71–0.83]) was highest compared to FRAX-HF without BMD (0.72 [0.65–0.80]), and adjusted FRAX-HF (0.75 [0.63–0.86]). The AUC values for BMD alone (0.68 [0.62–0.73]) was lowest for fracture prediction. The AUC values for identifying a densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis was 0.77 [0.70–0.84] and 0.76 [0.67-0.86] using FRAX-MOF and FRAX-HF, respectively.
Conclusions
FRAX with BMD tends to perform more reliably in predicting HF compared to MOF in Asia. However, its accuracy in predicting fracture risk in Asian populations can be improved through region-specific, long-term epidemiological data.

Citations

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1. Health outcomes and care needs after osteoporotic fractures in rural Chinese older adults: policy implications
Qian Zhu, Caixia Ran
Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Relationship between areal BMD, FRAX®, and femoral strength in community-dwelling older Asian adults
Dheeraj Jha, Manju Chandran, Dario Koller, Vee San Cheong, Anitha D. Praveen, Alexander Baker, Preeti Gupta, Ecosse L. Lamoureux, Halldór Pálsson, Stephen J. Ferguson, Benedikt Helgason
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
3. Development of a machine learning-based predictive model for osteoporosis risk and its application in clinical decision support
Zichen Shao, Jianfeng Wu, Qinqin Deng, Ling Cheng, Xin Huang, Weikang Sun, Weidong Liang, Huanan Li
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
4. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry based biofidelic finite element models for simulating falls to the hip: Impact of trochanteric soft tissue thickness on fracture risk
Dheeraj Jha, Anitha D. Praveen, Alexander Baker, Anita Fung, Vee San Cheong, Preeti Gupta, Ecosse L. Lamoureux, Namki Hong, Yumie Rhee, Vanessa Jean Wen Koh, Halldór Pálsson, William R. Taylor, Angelique Wei-Ming Chan, Stephen J. Ferguson, Benedikt Helgas
Clinical Biomechanics.2025; : 106720. CrossRef
5. Osteoporosis in men—East and West: Can the twain meet? A perspective from Asia
Gerald Gui Ren Sng, Jean-Yves Reginster, Majed S. Alokail, Manju Chandran
Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.2024; 10(4): 131. CrossRef

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Case Report

Platelet Count Normalization Following Romosozumab Treatment for Osteoporosis in Patient with Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Case Report and Literature Review: Kyunghun Sung, Jeonghoon Ha; J Bone Metab 2024;31(4):335-339.
Published online November 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.763

Romosozumab, which is approved for the treatment of osteoporosis, has a dual-action mechanism that promotes bone formation and inhibits bone resorption. However, its association with an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, as highlighted in the ARCH I study, raises concerns. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, possibly involving changes in platelet dynamics, are yet to be fully elucidated. Herein, we present a case of a 60-year-old Korean woman diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenic purpura and new-onset osteoporosis, who was treated with romosozumab. Subsequent to the administration of romosozumab, there was a notable elevation in her platelet count. This observation warrants further investigation into the off-target effects of romosozumab, especially its impact on hematopoietic stem cell function and platelet dynamics. This case accentuates the imperative for more comprehensive research into the systemic effects of romosozumab, particularly its involvement in hematopoiesis and cardiovascular risk, to thoroughly understand its extensive implications for patient health.

Citations

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1. Romosozumab

Reactions Weekly.2025; 2043(1): 354. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Bone Mineral Density and Clinical Outcome after Ankle Fracture: Hyunseong Kang, Ho-Hyup Kim, Chaemoon Lim; J Bone Metab 2024;31(3):228-235.
Published online August 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.3.228

Background
No gold standard exists for bone mineral density (BMD) measurement of the ankle. This study aimed to determine the correlation between bone density using Hounsfield units (HU) based on computed tomography (CT) and BMD using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as well as to evaluate the correlation between HU and clinical outcome of ankle fracture.
Methods
Fifty-one patients aged ≥65 years who underwent surgical treatment for trimalleolus or bimalleolus ankle fractures were included. The HU were measured at the distal tibia metaphyseal region approximately 1 cm proximal to the plafond on the axial images of preoperative CT. BMD was measured using DXA within one year before the injury. The clinical outcome was evaluated according to the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS).
Results
Although the HU of an osteoporosis group was lower than that of a non-osteoporosis group, we observed no significant difference between the two groups. The mean HU significantly correlated with the lumbar and total lumbar spine BMD using DXA. Increased HU significantly correlated with improved clinical outcomes in three of five FAOS subscales: symptoms, pain, activity of daily living (ADL), and quality of life (QOL). In a linear regression analysis adjusted for age and body mass index, increased HU significantly correlated with improved clinical outcomes in three of five FAOS subscales: symptoms, pain, ADL, and QOL.
Conclusions
The correlations between bone density using HU and BMD and those between HU and the clinical outcome were confirmed in ankle fractures. The HU of preoperative CT might provide valuable information for predicting postoperative clinical outcomes.

Citations

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1. Influencing factors of fracture in elderly ankle fracture patients in the emergency department and the construction of nomogram prediction model
Yu-Lei Mao, Yong-Kang Wei
Medicine.2026; 105(7): e45997. CrossRef

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Publication Trends in Osteoporosis Treatment: A 20-Year Bibliometric Analysis: Seung-Ju Kim, Dong-Woo Lee; J Bone Metab 2024;31(2):90-100.
Published online May 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.2.90

Background
Osteoporosis prevalence continues to escalate with the growth of the older adult population. In this study, we aimed to investigate the profile of osteoporosis treatment-related research articles published in the past 20 years using bibliometric analysis.
Methods
We analyzed all osteoporosis treatment-related articles published between 2001 and 2020 in the Web of Science (WoS) database using bibliometric methods. In the Title search section in WoS, we searched the documents using “osteoporosis treatment”-related keywords. We used the VOSviewer software to construct the bibliometric maps of keyword co-occurrences.
Results
Our search yielded 29,738 publications, 21,556 (72.5%) were original articles and 4,529 (15.2%) were review articles and review articles (4,529). We noticed a steady increase in the publication numbers from 2001 to 2020. The overall scientific publication number in WoS increased 3.5-fold, with the five most productive countries being the USA, China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan. The largest contributor was the University of California system. The most productive journals were Osteoporosis International (1,679, 6.4%), Bone (832, 3.2%), and the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (727, 2.8%). We observed increasing trends in the appearance of denosumab and teriparatide during the last two decades. In our keyword co-occurrence analysis, we constructed four keyword clusters using VOSviewer.
Conclusions
In this study, we provided a gross overview of the visibility and productivity of research studies in osteoporosis treatment. Substantial changes have occurred in osteoporosis treatment over the last 20 years. The effector mechanism of anti-osteoporosis medications could be future hot spots in osteoporosis research. We believe that our study is a valuable guide for clinicians related to the global outputs of osteoporosis treatment.

Citations

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1. Global knowledge mapping of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand in osteoporotic fractures: a bibliometric analysis (2001–2024)
Shuai Lu, Huaishuang Shen, Minjuan Li, Yiming Luo, Hao Sun, Xian Zhao, Jianming Chen, Ruifeng Bai, Pengli Han, Yejun Zha, Xieyuan Jiang
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Trends and collaborations in discoid lupus erythematosus research: a bibliometric analysis from 2010 to 2024
Daichao Zhang, Chaoran Liang, Qiuyue Yin, Yatong Li
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Two-Year Outcomes of Daily and Twice-Weekly Teriparatide Treatment in Postmenopausal Women with Severe Osteoporosis: A Randomized Non-Blinded Prospective Study: Takeshi Mochizuki, Koichiro Yano, Katsunori Ikari, Ken Okazaki; J Bone Metab 2024;31(2):162-168.
Published online May 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.2.162

Background
The long-term effects of daily teriparatide (D-TPTD) and twice-weekly TPTD (W-TPTD) injections are compared among postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis.
Methods
A total of 102 patients were enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups for the administration of either D-TPTD or W-TPTD. Treatment efficacy was measured as the percentage change in bone mineral density (ΔBMD) from baseline in the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck. The findings were compared between the two groups.
Results
At 24 months after treatment, the persistence rates and medication possession ratios in the D-TPTD and W-TPTD groups were 68.6% and 56.9%, and 87.8% and 92.0%, respectively. The ΔBMD in the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck were 15.6%±10.2%, 5.3%± 6.3%, and 5.5%±6.2%, respectively, in the D-TPTD group; and 9.5%±7.9%, 2.3%±6.2%, and 3.1%±7.4%, respectively, in the W-TPTD group following 24 months of treatment. The ΔBMD of the lumbar spine (p=0.008) at 24 months and total hip (p=0.024) at 18 months differed significantly between the two groups.
Conclusions
D-TPTD administration resulted in a significantly higher BMD in the lumbar spine and total hip, supporting this therapeutic regimen for postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis.

Citations

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1. Author response to letter to the editor, “Comment on “Impact of baseline PINP on the BMD increase with romosozumab, teriparatide, and denosumab in treatment-naïve primary osteoporosis: A retrospective cohort study””
Yuki Etani, Takaaki Noguchi, Toshitaka Yukishima, Tomonori Kobayakawa, Masafumi Kashii, Gensuke Okamura, Atsushi Goshima, Makoto Hirao, Taihei Miura, Takuya Kurihara, Yuji Fukuda, Atsushi Sugimoto, Seiji Okada, Ken Nakata, Kosuke Ebina
Bone.2026; 203: 117727. CrossRef
2. Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Geriatric Populations: A Comprehensive Literature Review
E. N. Dudinskaya, N. V. Brailova, O. N. Tkacheva
Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine.2025; (2): 115. CrossRef

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Retrospective Characterization of Bone Histomorphometric Findings in Clinical Patient Specimens: Linnea Sellman, Xiaoyu Tong, Inari S Burton, Heikki Kröger; J Bone Metab 2024;31(2):132-139.
Published online May 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.2.132

Background
Bone histomorphometry provides comprehensive information on bone metabolism and microstructure. In this retrospective study, we aimed to obtain an overview of the typical indications, referring hospitals, and histomorphometric quantification-based diagnoses of the bone tissue in our histomorphometry laboratory, the only laboratory in Finland carrying out histomorphometric examination of clinical bone biopsies.
Methods
Between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2020, 553 clinical bone biopsies were sent to our histomorphometry laboratory for histomorphometric examination. The median age of the patients was 55 years (range, 0.2–89.9 years), 51% of them were males, and 18% comprised pediatric patients. We received bone biopsy specimens from 23 hospitals or healthcare units. The majority of the samples we sent by nephrologists.
Results
The most common bone biopsy indications were suspicion of renal osteodystrophy (ROD), unknown bone turnover status in osteoporosis, and several or untypical fractures. The most common quantitative bone histomorphometry-based diagnosis was ROD.
Conclusions
This study provides information on the clinical application of bone histomorphometry in Finland. Precise and quantitative ROD evaluation is the most common indication for bone histomorphometry, being crucial in clinical decision-making and targeted treatment of this patient group.

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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Osteoporosis on Reoperation Rates and Complications after Surgical Management of Lumbar Degenerative Disease: Elizabeth A. Lechtholz-Zey, Mina Ayad, Brandon S. Gettleman, Emily S. Mills, Hannah Shelby, Andy T. Ton, Ishan Shah, Jeffrey C. Wang, Raymond J. Hah, Ram K. Alluri; J Bone Metab 2024;31(2):114-131.
Published online May 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.2.114

Background
There is considerable heterogeneity in findings and a lack of consensus regarding the interplay between osteoporosis and outcomes in patients with lumbar degenerative spine disease. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to gather and analyze existing data on the effect of osteoporosis on radiographic, surgical, and clinical outcomes following surgery for lumbar degenerative spinal disease.
Methods
A systematic review was performed to determine the effect of osteoporosis on the incidence of adverse outcomes after surgical intervention for lumbar degenerative spinal diseases. The approach focused on the radiographic outcomes, reoperation rates, and other medical and surgical complications. Subsequently, a meta-analysis was performed on the eligible studies.
Results
The results of the meta-analysis suggested that osteoporotic patients experienced increased rates of adjacent segment disease (ASD; p=0.015) and cage subsidence (p=0.001) while demonstrating lower reoperation rates than non-osteoporotic patients (7.4% vs. 13.1%; p=0.038). The systematic review also indicated that the length of stay, overall costs, rates of screw loosening, and rates of wound and other medical complications may increase in patients with a lower bone mineral density. Fusion rates, as well as patient-reported and clinical outcomes, did not differ significantly between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic patients.
Conclusions
Osteoporosis was associated with an increased risk of ASD, cage migration, and possibly postoperative screw loosening, as well as longer hospital stays, incurring higher costs and an increased likelihood of postoperative complications. However, a link was not established between osteoporosis and poor clinical outcomes.

Citations

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1. Epidemiological (secular) trends of pelvic and acetabular fractures (2006–2022) in South Korea using a nationwide cohort data over ages 50: is it osteoporosis related?
Byung-Ho Yoon, Tae-Young Kim, HoeJeong Chung, Jaiyong Kim, Jihye Kim, Hoyeon Jang, Young-Kyun Lee
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Modified vertebral bone quality score is a better predictor of cage subsidence after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and is superior to vertebral bone quality score
Xingyu Shao, Youwei Ai, Chen Qian, Ce Zhu, Juehan Wang, Hong Ding, Dun Luo, Zhuojie Xiao, Yongdi Wang, Chunguang Zhou, Lei Wang, Jing Tang, Limin Liu
European Spine Journal.2025; 34(9): 4222. CrossRef
3. A Systematic Review of the Effect of Osteoporosis on Radiographic Outcomes, Complications, and Reoperation Rate in Cervical Deformity
Ishan Shah, Elizabeth A. Lechtholz-Zey, Mina Ayad, Brandon S. Gettleman, Emily Mills, Hannah Shelby, Andy Ton, William J. Karakash, Apurva Prasad, Jeffrey C. Wang, Ram K. Alluri, Raymond J. Hah
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(17): 6196. CrossRef
4. Expandable Cage in Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Comparative Data with Static Cage from a Single Institution and a Single Surgeon
Dongkyu Kim, Hyun Jun Jang, Bong Ju Moon, Kyung Hyun Kim, Sung Uk Kuh, Dong Kyu Chin, Keun Su Kim, Jeong Yoon Park
World Neurosurgery.2025; 202: 124428. CrossRef
5. CT-Mapped Fusion Patterns After 360° Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF) for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: High Facet and Interbody Fusion Rates With Limited Clinical Correlates
Carla García-Ramos, Diego-Alberto Nuñez-Arreola, Diana-Laura Hernandez Moctezuma , Alejandro Antonio Reyes-Sanchez, Armando Alpizar-Aguirre, Baron Zarate-Kalfopulos, Irving O Estevez-Garcia, Ernesto Roldan-Valadez
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
6. Risk factors and treatment strategies for adjacent segment disease following spinal fusion (Review)
Xing Huang, Yong Cai, Kai Chen, Qiang Ren, Bo Huang, Gang Wan, Yuchen Wang, Jincheng Lin, Jun Zhao
Molecular Medicine Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Patient Perception on Osteoporosis in Korean Female Patients with Osteoporosis: Kyung-Hag Lee, Guhyun Lee, Taehyun Lee, Dong-Won Byun, Yong-Chan Ha; J Bone Metab 2024;31(1):63-74.
Published online February 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.1.63

Background
Patient perception is a key element in improving compliance with medications for osteoporosis. This study evaluated the awareness, perception, sources of information, and knowledge of osteoporosis among Korean women with osteoporosis.
Methods
A questionnaire survey was conducted from July 22, 2021 to 13 August 2021. Patients who were followed up in endocrinology (Endo), orthopedic surgery (OS), and gynecology (GY) were recruited (N=40, 40, and 20 in each group). Patients were allocated according to their age, as follows: 15, 15, and 10 patients in their 60s, 70s, and 80s for Endo and OS, and 10 and 10 patients in their 60s and 70s for GY. The questionnaire was composed of the following topics: patient journey to the hospital, drug-related issues, communication with medical doctors, patient knowledge, and sources of information about osteoporosis.
Results
The results of medical check-ups were the most common reason for patient visits to the hospital for an initial diagnosis of osteoporosis (61%). A knowledge gap regarding mortality, refracture, and drug-induced osteoporosis was observed. Doctors were the most preferred and trustful source of information, while health-related TV shows were the second most common source of information. Patients with OS reported lower perceived severity and higher drug discontinuation, along with a higher proportion of fractures, as the initial reasons for hospital visits for osteoporosis.
Conclusions
Variations in perceptions according to the issue and group were identified. These should be considered during patient consultations to improve compliance with osteoporosis treatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

1. Living with osteoporosis: a qualitative descriptive study
Mara Tormen, Chiara Tedesco, Vicente Bernalte-Martì, Angela Cuoco, Anna Maria Carratoni, Gianluca Pucciarelli, Ercole Vellone, Maddalena De Maria, Emanuela Basilici Zannetti, Noemi Cittadini, Annalisa Pennini, Umberto Tarantino, Rosaria Alvaro
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Association between Fat Mass and Obesity-Related Transcript Polymorphisms and Osteoporosis Phenotypes: Krisel De Dios, Ngoc Huynh, Thach S. Tran, Jacqueline R. Center, Tuan V. Nguyen; J Bone Metab 2024;31(1):48-55.
Published online February 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.1.48

Background
Common variants in the fat mass and obesity-related transcript (FTO) gene are related to body mass index and obesity, suggesting its potential association with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. This study sought to define the association between FTO gene variants and the following phenotypes: (1) BMD; (2) bone loss; and (3) fracture risk.
Methods
This analysis was based on the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study that included 1,277 postmenopausal women aged ≥60 years living in Dubbo, Australia. BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine was measured biennially by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar). Fractures were radiologically ascertained. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs1421085, rs1558902, rs1121980, rs17817449, rs9939609, and rs9930506) of the FTO gene were genotyped using TaqMan assay.
Results
Women homozygous for the minor allele (GG) of rs9930506 had a significantly higher risk of hip fracture (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–3.23) than those homozygous for the major allele (AA) after adjusting for potential confounding effects. Similar associations were also observed for the minor allele of rs1121980. However, there was no significant association between the FTO SNPs and BMD or the rate of bone loss.
Conclusions
Common variations in the FTO gene are associated with a hip fracture risk in women, and the association is not mediated through BMD or bone loss.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

1. MKRN1 Regulates RANKL‐Induced Differentiation Via Akt and AMPK Pathways
Inyoung Kim, Jung Ha Kim, Kabsun Kim, Semun Seong, Jeong‐Tae Koh, Nacksung Kim
Journal of Cellular Physiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Fine-Scale Haplotype Mapping Reveals an Association of the FTO Gene with Osteoporosis and Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women
Daniela Greere, Sara Haydar, Florin Grigorescu, Dana Manda, Gabriela Voicu, Corinne Lautier, Catalina Poiana
Genes.2024; 15(9): 1152. CrossRef

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Impact of COVID-19 on the Incidence of Fragility Fracture in South Korea: Seungjin Baek, Ye-Jee Kim, Beom-Jun Kim, Namki Hong; J Bone Metab 2024;31(1):31-39.
Published online February 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.1.31

Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the consequent social distancing period are thought to have influenced the incidence of osteoporotic fracture in various ways, but the exact changes have not yet been well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of osteoporotic fracture using a nationwide cohort.
Methods
The monthly incidence rates of vertebral; hip; and non-vertebral, non-hip fractures were collected from a nationwide database of the Korean National Health Insurance Review and Assessment from July 2016 to June 2021. Segmented regression models were used to assess the change in levels and trends in the monthly incidence of osteoporotic fractures.
Results
There was a step decrease in the incidence of vertebral fractures for both males (6.181 per 100,000, P=0.002) and females (19.299 per 100,000, P=0.006). However, there was a negative trend in the incidence of hip fracture among both males (-0.023 per 100,000 per month, P=0.023) and females (-0.032 per 100,000 per month, P=0.019). No impact of COVID-19-related social distancing was noted.
Conclusions
In conclusion, during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, vertebral fracture incidence considerably decreased with the implementation of social distancing measures.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

1. Trends of incidence and 1-year mortality of vertebral fractures in Korea using nationwide claims data
Young-Kyun Lee, Jung-Wee Park, Tae-Young Kim, Jihye Kim, Hoyeon Jang, Jaiyong Kim, Yong-Chan Ha
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Global, regional, and national burden of vertebral fractures among women from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study
Junpeng Liu, Xingchen Yao, Zhiheng Zhao, Xinglin Liu, Sheyang Xu, Bowen Lu, Xianglong Meng
European Spine Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Forearm Bone Mineral Density and Anthropometry in Adult Japanese Men and Women: Masahiro Ishizawa, Kazuya Fujihara, Junko Yachida, Izumi Ikeda, Takaaki Sato, Takaho Yamada, Ayako Kobayashi, Shiro Tanaka, Yoshimi Nakagawa, Takashi Matsuzaka, Hitoshi Shimano, Minoru Tashiro, Satoru Kodama, Kiminori Kato, Hirohito Sone; J Bone Metab 2024;31(1):21-30.
Published online February 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.1.21

Background
No consensus exists regarding which anthropometric measurements are related to bone mineral density (BMD), and this relationship may vary according to sex and age. A large Japanese cohort was analyzed to provide an understanding of the relationship between BMD and anthropometry while adjusting for known confounding factors.
Methods
Our cohort included 10,827 participants who underwent multiple medical checkups including distal forearm BMD scans. Participants were stratified into four groups according to age (≥50 years or <50 years) and sex. The BMD values were adjusted for confounding factors, after which single and partial correlation analyses were performed. The prevalence of osteopenia was plotted for each weight index (weight or body mass index [BMI]) class.
Results
Cross-sectional studies revealed that weight was more favorably correlated than BMI in the older group (R=0.278 and 0.212 in men and R=0.304 and 0.220 in women, respectively), whereas weight and BMI were weakly correlated in the younger age groups. The prevalence of osteopenia exhibited a negative linear relationship with weight among older women ≥50 years of age, and an accelerated increase was observed with decreasing weight in older men weighing <50 kg and younger women weighing <60 kg. When weight was replaced with BMI, the prevalence was low in most subgroups classified by weight.
Conclusions
Weight, rather than BMI, was the most important indicator of osteopenia but it might not be predictive of future bone loss.

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Targeted Coaching to Improve Osteoporosis Therapy Adherence: A Single Arm Variation of the C-STOP Study: Carrie Ye, Finlay A. McAlister, Debbie Bellerose, Meng Lin; J Bone Metab 2024;31(1):13-20.
Published online February 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.1.13

Background
In this pre-planned variation of the Comparing Strategies Targeting Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures After an Upper Extremity Fracture (C-STOP) trial, we investigated whether adherence-specific coaching by the case manager (CM) further improved the adherence and persistence rates compared to those seen in the C-STOP trial.
Methods
We conducted a prospective observational cohort study of community-dwelling adults 50 years or older who suffered an upper-extremity fracture and were not previously treated with osteoporosis medications, to assess whether a well-trained CM can partner with patients to improve adherence to and persistence with oral bisphosphonate intake. The primary outcome was adherence (taking > 80% of prescribed doses) to oral bisphosphonate intake at 12 months after study enrollment. Secondary outcomes included primary adherence to and 12-month persistence with oral bisphosphonate and calcium and vitamin D supplement intake at 12 months.
Results
The study cohort consisted of 84 participants, of which 30 were prescribed an oral bisphosphonate. Twenty-two (73.3%) started treatment within 3 months. The adherence rate at 12 months was 77.3%. The persistence rate at 12 months was 95.5%. Of those not prescribed an oral bisphosphonate, 62.8% were taking supplemental calcium and 93.0% were taking supplemental vitamin D at 12 months. Depression was a significant predictor of 12-month non-adherence (adjusted odds ratio, 9.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–81.5).
Conclusions
Adherence-specific coaching by a CM did not further improve the level of medication adherence achieved in the original C-STOP study. Importantly, these results can inform adherence in future intervention studies.

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Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Levels of Postmenopausal Women about Osteoporosis: Hazal Saltık, Furkan Öztürk, Canan Emiroğlu, Baki Hekimoğlu, Cenk Aypak; J Bone Metab 2023;30(4):347-354.
Published online November 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.4.347

Background
Osteoporosis can be delayed by providing accurate and adequate information to people at risk. Therefore, we aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, and behavior levels of women in the postmenopausal period, which is the largest group at risk.
Methods
The study was conducted in a tertiary Training and Research Hospital between 1 December 2018 and 1 May 2019 in 225 postmenopausal women who applied to the Family Medicine outpatient clinic and bone mineral density (BMD) outpatient clinics for BMD measurement or had previously had this measurement at least once. A questionnaire evaluating the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior levels related to osteoporosis was applied to all patients included in the study.
Results
The mean age was 58.05±9.1 years. The median osteoporosis knowledge score was 7 out of 19 points. A total of 119 (52.9%) had low knowledge scores and 106 (47.1%) had higher knowledge scores. Of the individuals with high scores, 40 (37.7%) were smoking, 64 (60.4%) did not sunbathe, 89 (84%) did not consume the recommended daily amount of calcium, and 58 (54.7%) were not exercising in the recommended time. It was seen that those who were university graduates, who had previously learned about osteoporosis from a health professional, and who had a family history of osteoporosis had higher knowledge levels.
Conclusions
Even in postmenopausal women who are aware that they are in the risk group and that they should have BMD, their knowledge, attitude, and behavior levels on osteoporosis were found to be quite low.

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2. Epidemiological (secular) trends of pelvic and acetabular fractures (2006–2022) in South Korea using a nationwide cohort data over ages 50: is it osteoporosis related?
Byung-Ho Yoon, Tae-Young Kim, HoeJeong Chung, Jaiyong Kim, Jihye Kim, Hoyeon Jang, Young-Kyun Lee
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ki-Tae Park, Jung-Wee Park, Dong-Hoon Lee, Ye Jhin Jeon, Jean Kyung Bak, Bit-Na Yoo, Youn Kyung Chung, Byung-Ho Yoon, Young-Kyun Lee
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
4. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward osteoporosis: a questionnaire survey
Min Xue, Jiesheng Xia, Xiaohui You, Xun Zhu, Li Zheng, Qi Wei, Miao Zheng, Jialong Tao, Yuntian Shen, Qi Zhou, Jiani Qian, Minjie Chu, Youjia Xu
Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
5. A Risk Reduction Program for Osteoporosis Complications among Postmenopausal Women: A Quasi- Experimental Design
Fatin Abdel Raheem Mostafa Zewail, Faten Khayrat El-Guindi, Ferial Fouad Melika
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6. Awareness About Osteoporosis Among the General Population Based on the Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool (OKAT): A Cross-Sectional Study in the Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia
Ekramy Elmorsy, Amgad N Elsawi, Nasser M Alruwaili, Abdulelah H Alruwaili, Sultan N Alanazi, Khalid R Alenezi
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
7. Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Awareness Levels Among Indian Postmenopausal Women About Osteoporosis and Its Relationship With Sociodemographic Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study From Northern India
Amit Kale, Nitish Khandelwal, Bhavya Sirohi, Omna Shaki, Sanjay Rai
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Bone Health Status of Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Joanna Yuet-Ling Tung, Tsz-Kit Chow, Monique Wai, Jasmine Lo, Sophelia Hoi Shan Chan; J Bone Metab 2023;30(4):319-327.
Published online November 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.4.319

Background
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a group of rare, inherited neuromuscular disorders. Bone health is often a neglected issue in children with SMA. This study aimed to evaluate the bone health status of children with SMA in Hong Kong.
Methods
This retrospective study included children with SMA who were managed in the Neuromuscular Disorder Clinics of 2 quaternary centers in Hong Kong. Bone health status was assessed by fracture history, bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) level.
Results
Thirty-two children were included (males, 12). The median age was 10.8 years. BMD assessments were performed in 17 patients (SMA type 1=2, type 2=8, type 3=7). Low BMD was observed in 16 out of 17 patients. Four had a history of long bone fractures and were started on bisphosphonates. SMA types, age at last visit, sex, ambulation, and 25(OH)D level were not associated with fracture history or BMD Z-scores. Only one fulfilled the 2019 International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) pediatric definition of osteoporosis, with both low BMD and a history of clinically significant fracture.
Conclusions
Children with SMA on disease-modifying treatments commonly had Low BMD and a history of fractures, but osteoporosis was uncommon according to the 2019 ISCD pediatric definition. A special definition of osteoporosis may be needed for this high-risk group.

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1. Italian survey on evolving SMA care with disease-modifying therapies: a consensus workshop on nutrition, swallowing, respiratory and rehabilitation care
Stefania Corti, Valeria Sansone, Ilaria Bitetti, Noemi Brolatti, Giulio Gadaleta, Agata Katia Patanella, Giorgia Coratti, Eugenio Mercuri
Neuromuscular Disorders.2025; 48: 105278. CrossRef
2. Awareness of bone strength in patients with neuromuscular disorders: ERN EURO-NMD clinician survey and European patient survey
M.T.A. Kruse, B.A.S. Olde Dubbelink, M. Kroneman, I. de Groot, S. Schlüter, M. de Visser, T. Evangelista, A. Moretti, D. Weber, L.M. Ward, N.C. Voermans, A. D'Amico, J. Baets, M. Baumann, N. van der Beek, J. De Bleecker, A. Bruijnes, K. Claeys, C. Bruno,
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4. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Osteoporosis on Reoperation Rates and Complications after Surgical Management of Lumbar Degenerative Disease
Elizabeth A. Lechtholz-Zey, Mina Ayad, Brandon S. Gettleman, Emily S. Mills, Hannah Shelby, Andy T. Ton, Ishan Shah, Jeffrey C. Wang, Raymond J. Hah, Ram K. Alluri
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2024; 31(2): 114. CrossRef
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Specialty Journal of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Biotechnology.2021; 1(1): 138. CrossRef

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Effectiveness and Usefulness of Bone Turnover Marker in Osteoporosis Patients: A Multicenter Study in Korea: Jun-Il Yoo, So Young Park, Deog-Yoon Kim, Jeonghoon Ha, Yumie Rhee, Namki Hong, Jung-Taek Kim, Hyon-Seung Yi, Bu Kyung Kim, Young-Kyun Lee, Yong-Chan Ha, Yun Kyung Jeon, Ha-Young Kim, Seong Hee Ahn, Seongbin Hong, Sang-Yeob Lee; J Bone Metab 2023;30(4):311-317.
Published online November 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.4.311

Background
This study aimed to investigate real-world data of C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP), and osteocalcin through present multicenter clinical study, and retrospectively analyze the usefulness of bone turnover markers (BTMs) in Koreans.
Methods
The study focused on pre- and post-menopausal patients diagnosed with osteoporosis and excluded patients without certain test results or with test intervals of over 1 year. The demographic data and 3 BTMs (CTX, P1NP, and osteocalcin) were collected. The patients were classified by demographic characteristics and the BTM concentrations were analyzed by the group.
Results
Among women with no history of fractures, the levels of P1NP (N=2,100) were 43.544±36.902, CTX (N=1,855) were 0.373 ±0.927, and osteocalcin (N=219) were 10.81 ±20.631. Among men with no history of fractures, the levels of P1NP (N=221) were 48.498±52.892, CTX (N=201) were 0.370±0.351, and osteocalcin (N=15) were 7.868 ±10.674. Treatment with teriparatide increased the P1NP levels after 3 months in both men and women, with a 50% increase observed in women. Similarly, treatment with denosumab decreased the CTX levels after 3 months in both men and women, with a reduction of 50% observed in women.
Conclusions
The results of this study can contribute to the accurate assessment of bone replacement status in Koreans. We also provide the P1NP level in the Korean population for future comparative studies with other populations.

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Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz, Joanna Gajewska, Katarzyna Szamotulska, Grażyna Rowicka, Witold Klemarczyk, Małgorzata Strucińska, Magdalena Chełchowska
Nutrients.2024; 16(13): 2009. CrossRef

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Review Article

Position Statement: Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Treatment Strategies in Korea: So Young Park, Se Hwa Kim, Young-Kyun Lee, Jung-Ho Shin, Yong-Chan Ha, Ho Yeon Chung; J Bone Metab 2023;30(4):289-295.
Published online November 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.4.289

Classifying patients with osteoporosis according to fracture risk and establishing adequate treatment strategies is crucial to effectively treat osteoporosis. The Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research has issued a position statement regarding appropriate treatment strategies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. According to previous fragility fracture history, bone mineral density (BMD) test results, fracture risk assessment tool, and several clinical risk factors, fracture risk groups are classified into low, moderate, high, and very-high-risk groups. In high-risk groups, bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab are recommended as first-line therapies. Sequential BP treatment after denosumab discontinuation is required to prevent the rebound phenomenon. In the very high-risk group, anabolic drugs (teriparatide or romosozumab) are recommended as a first-line therapy; sequential therapy with antiresorptive agents is required to maintain BMD gain and reduce fracture risk. Fracture risk was reassessed annually, and the treatment plan was determined based on the results, according to the osteoporosis treatment algorithm for fracture risk.

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1. Effects of denosumab and zoledronic acid on postmenopausal osteoporosis, bone density, and fat-free mass
Jeonghoon Ha, Jinyoung Kim, Chaiho Jeong, Jeongmin Lee, Yejee Lim, Ki-Hyun Baek
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Denosumab: Insights beyond 10 Years of Use
Jeonghoon Ha, Youn-Ju Lee, Jinyoung Kim, Chaiho Jeong, Yejee Lim, Jeongmin Lee, Ki-Hyun Baek
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 47. CrossRef
3. Twenty-Year Trends in Osteoporosis Treatment and Post-Fracture Care in South Korea: A Nationwide Study
Kyoung Jin Kim, Kyoung Min Kim, Young-Kyun Lee, Jihye Kim, Hoyeon Jang, Jaiyong Kim, Ha Young Kim
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2025; 32(1): 57. CrossRef
4. The prevention of osteoporotic vertebral fractures in eastern and in western countries
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Bone Reports.2025; 25: 101851. CrossRef
5. Epidemiological (secular) trends of pelvic and acetabular fractures (2006–2022) in South Korea using a nationwide cohort data over ages 50: is it osteoporosis related?
Byung-Ho Yoon, Tae-Young Kim, HoeJeong Chung, Jaiyong Kim, Jihye Kim, Hoyeon Jang, Young-Kyun Lee
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
6. Short-term anabolic agent and sequential therapy to improve bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in patients with osteoporotic hip fractures
Jun Young Park, Jun-Young Lim, Tae Kang Kim, Byung Woo Cho, Hyuck Min Kwon, Kwan Kyu Park, Woo-Suk Lee
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Weon Kim, Min Kyu Choi
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8. Effects of Sequential Anti-Resorptive Agents on Bone Mineral Density Following Denosumab Withdrawal: A Multicenter Real-World Study in Korea (MAXCARE Study)
Jeonghoon Ha, Kyong Yeun Jung, Kyoung Jin Kim, Seong Hee Ahn, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Yoon-Sok Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(5): 748. CrossRef
9. Efficacy comparison of 6-month romosozumab plus denosumab versus 12-month romosozumab in Koreans
Seung-Eun Lee, Seong Hee Ahn, Beom-Jun Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Ha Young Kim, Seongbin Hong, Jung-Min Koh
European Journal of Endocrinology.2025; 193(5): 527. CrossRef
10. Denosumab and the Rebound Effect: Current Aspects of Osteoporosis Therapy (Review)
N. Yu. Velts, O. V. Velts, R. N. Alyautdin
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Original Articles

The Effect of Denosumab in Elderly Patients Regarding Bone Density and Fracture Risk: Sung-Hyun Yoon, Karam Kim, Ki-Choul Kim; J Bone Metab 2023;30(3):275-282.
Published online August 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.3.275

Background
With an aging population, the importance of treating and diagnosing osteoporosis is increasing. Osteoporosis, previously known as a resorptive change primarily related to endocrinological mechanisms, is also being approached as a phenomenon of senile change. Denosumab is gaining popularity among osteoporosis medications due to its ability to increase bone mineral density (BMD) and the economic benefit arising from the 6-month cycle. In line with previous literature, this study aimed to examine the BMD-augmenting effect of denosumab through which it reduces fracture risk in individuals aged over 80 years.
Methods
We reviewed patients who received denosumab between 2018 and 2022 with a minimum clinical observation period of 12 months. BMD was measured every 12 months, and patients were classified per their period of denosumab use. Fracture risk was evaluated using the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) and fracture incidence during the observation period were assessed.
Results
Among 155 patients, a significant increase in BMD was observed at 3 sites: the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p=0.001, respectively). The patients were divided according to the length of clinical follow-up they received, and similar results were found in all subgroups. Fracture risk assessment was performed using FRAX and the incidence of fracture events during follow-up. FRAX significantly decreased in all subgroups except those who received 24 months of follow-up (p=0.003, p=0.41, p=0.001 in the 12, 24, and ≥36 months groups, respectively).
Conclusions
Denosumab use resulted in long-term BMD increase and reduced fracture risk in individuals aged 80 and above.

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1. Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Denosumab: Insights beyond 10 Years of Use
Jeonghoon Ha, Youn-Ju Lee, Jinyoung Kim, Chaiho Jeong, Yejee Lim, Jeongmin Lee, Ki-Hyun Baek
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 47. CrossRef
2. Antiresorptive Therapy for Osteoporosis in Older Subjects
Anne Sophie Sølling, Natasha Amran Laursen, Torben Harsløf, Bente Lomholt Langdahl
Gerontology.2025; 71(4): 297. CrossRef
3. Postoperative osteoporosis therapy and risk of re-fracture in elderly patients with hip fractures: a multicenter retrospective cohort study
Xin Li, Yue Zhao, Lin Cheng, Chen Yan, Dongsheng Guo, Yixin Liang, Yuefu Dong, Jian Zhang
Osteoporosis International.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
4. The use of denosumab in osteoporosis – an update on efficacy and drug safety
Dima L. Diab, Nelson B. Watts
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety.2024; 23(9): 1069. CrossRef

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Osteoporosis Feature Selection and Risk Prediction Model by Machine Learning Using a Cross-Sectional Database: Yonghan Cha, Sung Hyo Seo, Jung-Taek Kim, Jin-Woo Kim, Sang-Yeob Lee, Jun-Il Yoo; J Bone Metab 2023;30(3):263-273.
Published online August 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.3.263

Background
The purpose of this study was to verify the accuracy and validity of using machine learning (ML) to select risk factors, to discriminate differences in feature selection by ML between men and women, and to develop predictive models for patients with osteoporosis in a big database.
Methods
The data on 968 observed features from a total of 3,484 the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants were collected. To find preliminary features that were well-related to osteoporosis, logistic regression, random forest, gradient boosting, adaptive boosting, and support vector machine were used.
Results
In osteoporosis feature selection by 5 ML models in this study, the most selected variables as risk factors in men and women were body mass index, monthly alcohol consumption, and dietary surveys. However, differences between men and women in osteoporosis feature selection by ML models were age, smoking, and blood glucose level. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that the area under the ROC curve for each ML model was not significantly different for either gender.
Conclusions
ML performed a feature selection of osteoporosis, considering hidden differences between men and women. The present study considers the preprocessing of input data and the feature selection process as well as the ML technique to be important factors for the accuracy of the osteoporosis prediction model.

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Nilüfer Aygün Bilecik, Levent Uğur, Erol Öten, Mustafa Çapraz
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5. A Novel Approach for Diagnosis of Osteoporosis Integrating Clinical Decision Support with Generative Adversarial Networks
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International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Review Article

Position Statement: Atypical Femoral Fracture from the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research in 2023: Jae-Hwi Nho, Byung-Woong Jang, Dong Woo Lee, Jae-Hyun Kim, Tae Kang Lim, Soo Min Cha, Dong-Kyo Seo, Yong-Geun Park, Dong-Geun Kang, Young-Kyun Lee, Yong-Chan Ha; J Bone Metab 2023;30(3):209-217.
Published online August 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.3.209

As the aging population increases, the number of patients with osteoporosis is gradually rising. Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and the microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in reduced bone strength and an increased risk of low-energy or fragility fractures. Thus, the use of anti-resorptive agents, such as bisphosphonates (BPs), to prevent osteoporotic fractures is growing annually. BPs are effective in reducing hip and other fractures. However, the longer a patient takes BPs, the higher the risk of an atypical femoral fracture (AFF). The exact mechanism by which long-term BP use affects the development of AFFs has not yet been clarified. However, several theories have been suggested to explain the pathogenesis of AFFs, such as suppressed bone remodeling, impaired bone healing, altered bone quality, and femoral morphology. The management of AFFs requires both medical and surgical approaches. BPs therapy should be discontinued immediately, and calcium and vitamin D levels should be evaluated and supplemented if insufficient. Teriparatide can be used for AFFs. Intramedullary nailing is the primary treatment for complete AFFs, and prophylactic femoral nailing is recommended if signs of an impending fracture are detected.

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Won-Tae Cho, Jeong-Hyun Koh, Seungyeob Sakong, Jung-Taek Kim
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Original Articles

Effects of Bazedoxifene/Vitamin D Combination Therapy on Serum Vitamin D Levels and Bone Turnover Markers in Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial: Chaiho Jeong, Jeonghoon Ha, Jun-Il Yoo, Young-Kyun Lee, Jung Hee Kim, Yong-Chan Ha, Yong-Ki Min, Dong-Won Byun, Ki-Hyun Baek, Ho Yeon Chung; J Bone Metab 2023;30(2):189-199.
Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.2.189

Background
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of bazedoxifene/vitamin D combination therapy in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.
Methods
This was an open-label, multicenter randomized-controlled, phase 4 clinical trial. Women between ages of 55 and 70 years in 9 medical tertiary centers in Korea were enrolled and assigned into 2 groups: an experiment group and a control group. The experimental group received bazedoxifene 20 mg/vitamin D 800 IU tablets for 6 months, and the control group received calcium 100 mg/vitamin D 1,000 IU tablets for 6 months.
Results
A total of 142 patients (70 in the experimental group and 72 in the control group) were included. The least-square mean±standard error of change in propeptide of type I collagen after 3 months was -6.87±2.56% in the experimental group and 1.22±2.54% in the control group. After 6 months, it was -21.07±2.75% in the experimental group and 1.26±2.71% in the control group. The difference between the 2 groups was -22.33% (p<0.01). The change of C-terminal telopeptide was -12.55±4.05% in the experimental group and 11.02±4.03% in the control group after 3 months. It was -22.0±3.95% and 10.20±3.89, respectively, after 6 months. The difference between the 2 groups was -32.21% (p<0.01) after 6 months. There was no significant difference in adverse events between the 2 groups.
Conclusions
The osteoporosis preventive effect and safety of administering bazedoxifene/vitamin D combination pill were confirmed in postmenopausal women who needed osteoporosis prevention.

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1. Role of vitamins in the development and treatment of osteoporosis (Review)
Mingze Jiang, Genghan Li, Keda Yang, Lin Tao
International Journal of Molecular Medicine.2025; 56(1): 1. CrossRef
2. Evaluation of the efficacy of combined vitamin D3 and K2 therapy in reducing implant-associated complication risk and improving spinal fusion stability
Oleksii S. Nekhlopochyn, Iryna G. Vasylieva, Nataliia G. Chopyk, Vadim V. Verbov, Ievgen V. Cheshuk, Milan V. Vorodi
Ukrainian Neurosurgical Journal.2025; 31(2): 10. CrossRef
3. Comparative Finite Element Analysis of Denosumab and Bazedoxifene on Pedicle Screw Stability in Osteoporotic Spines
Tomoyuki Asada, Soji Tani, Tomoko Towatari, Mahoko Ishikawa, Philip Varnadore, Yoshifumi Kudo, Peter G. Passias, Benjamin A. Alman, Koji Ishikawa
JOR SPINE.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
4. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Osteoporosis
Ivan V. Zhivodernikov, Tatiana V. Kirichenko, Yuliya V. Markina, Anton Y. Postnov, Alexander M. Markin
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(21): 15772. CrossRef

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Development and Validation of a New Clinical Diagnostic Screening Model for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: Jirapong Leeyaphan, Karn Rojjananukulpong, Piyapong Intarasompun, Yuthasak Peerakul; J Bone Metab 2023;30(2):179-188.
Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.2.179

Background
Age and weight are not only strong predictive parameters for osteoporosis diagnosis but can also be easily acquired from patients. This study aimed to develop and validate a new diagnostic screening model for postmenopausal osteoporosis that uses only 2 parameters, viz., age and weight. The discriminative ability of the model was analyzed and compared with that of the osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA) index.
Methods
The age–weight diagnostic screening model was developed using a retrospective chart review of postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years who underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at a tertiary hospital from November 2017 to April 2022. Logistic regression analysis was used to derive a diagnostic screening model for osteoporosis.
Results
A total of 533 postmenopausal women were included in the study. According to the highest Youden index value, a probability cut-off value of 0.298 was used in the diagnosis screening model at any site, which yielded a sensitivity of 84.3% and a specificity of 53.8%. For increased sensitivity as a screening tool, a cut-off value of 0.254 was proposed to obtain a sensitivity of 90.2% and a specificity of 42.2%. The area under receiver operating characteristic curves from all screening models were significantly higher than those from the OSTA index model (p<0.05).
Conclusions
This study showed the feasibility of a postmenopausal osteoporosis diagnostic screening model that uses 2 strong predictors for osteoporosis diagnosis: age and weight. This age–weight diagnostic model is a simple, effective option in postmenopausal osteoporosis screening.

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1. Performance of clinical prediction models for identifying postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xinyi Huang, Yiwen Gan, Xiangyun Guo, Yunning Li, Liang Wang, Jinran Qin, Chuanrui Sun, Yuhui Yin, Ming Chen, Yanming Xie, Yang Guo, Xu Wei, Yili Zhang
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Simple clinical predictors for making directive decisions in osteoporosis screening for women: a cross-sectional study
Jirapong Leeyaphan, Karn Rojjananukulpong, Piyapong Intarasompun, Yuthasak Peerakul
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Bone Mineral Density, Trabecular Bone Score and Fractures in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure: Lucian Batista de Oliveira, Mariana Andrade de Figueiredo Martins Siqueira, Rafael Buarque de Macedo Gadêlha, Beatriz Pontes Barreto, Alice Rodrigues Pimentel Correia, Vinicius Belfort Leão, Jessica Garcia, Francisco Bandeira; J Bone Metab 2023;30(2):167-177.
Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.2.167

Background
This study aimed to evaluate the bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone score (TBS), and fracture history of middle-aged patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF), as well as analyze the association of these factors with cardiometabolic parameters and muscle strength.
Methods
A cross-sectional study with patients aged 40 to 64 years hospitalized for HF was performed. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed to obtain BMD and TBS. Fracture history, handgrip strength (HGS), and clinical and laboratory cardiometabolic parameters of the patients were evaluated.
Results
Altogether, 109 patients were evaluated (female 50.5%). Medians and interquartile ranges for age and length of hospital stay were 58.0 (53.0–61.0) years and 20.0 (11.0–32.0) days, respectively. Osteoporosis was observed in 15.6% of the patients, low TBS was observed in 22.8%, and 6 patients had a history of fragile fracture. No differences between the sexes regarding BMD (p=0.335) or TBS (p=0.736) classifications were observed. No association was observed between low BMD and HF classification (p>0.05) regarding the ejection fraction, ischemic etiology, or New York Heart Association Functional Classification. However, there was a significant association between high serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the presence of osteoporosis (62.5 [37.2–119.0] pg/mL vs. 34.2 [25.0–54.1] pg/mL; p=0.016). There was a negative correlation between serum PTH and TBS (r=−0.329, p=0.038) and a higher frequency of reduced HGS in patients with low TBS (92.3% vs. 50.0%; p=0.009).
Conclusions
We found relevant frequencies of osteoporosis and bone microarchitecture degradation in middle-aged patients with HF, which were related to high serum PTH concentrations.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

1. Cellular alterations in trabecular bone following monocrotaline-induced right heart failure in rats
Akinori Kaneguchi, Rena Takagi, Sakura Sunagawa, Yuichiro Azuma, Koki Ishinaka, Takuya Umehara, Kaoru Yamaoka, Junya Ozawa
Bone.2026; 205: 117807. CrossRef

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Position Statement: Exercise Guidelines for Osteoporosis Management and Fall Prevention in Osteoporosis Patients: Seongryu Bae, Seungyong Lee, Hyuntae Park, Yongin Ju, Seok-Ki Min, Jinkyung Cho, Hyojin Kim, Yong-Chan Ha, Yumie Rhee, Young-Pyo Kim, Changsun Kim; J Bone Metab 2023;30(2):149-165.
Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.2.149

Background
The effectiveness of exercise for improving osteoporosis and fall prevention in patients diagnosed with osteoporosis or osteopenia has not been fully summarized. The Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research and the Korean Society of Exercise Physiology has developed exercise guidelines for patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia and provide evidence-based recommendations.
Methods
A systematic review identified randomized controlled trials (RCT) assessing the effect of resistance, impact, balance, aerobic training, and physical activity in osteoporosis and osteopenia on bone quality, physical performance, quality of life, and fall prevention. PubMed, Embase, KoreaMed, and RISS were searched from January 2000 to August 2022. Ten key questions were established to review the evidence and formulate recommendations.
Results
The 50 RCTs reported that even with osteoporosis and osteopenia, resistance and impact training consistently maximized bone strength, improved body strength and balance, and eventually reduced fall incidences. Resistance exercise combining 3 to 10 types of free weight and mechanical exercise of major muscle groups performed with an intensity of 50% to 85% 1-repetition maximum, 5 to 12 repetitions/set, 2 to 3 days/week, for 3 to 12 months is recommended. Impact exercises such as jumping chin-ups with drop landings and jump rope performed 50 jumps/session for at least 6 months with 3 or more days/week are recommended.
Conclusions
A multi-component exercise mainly comprised of resistance and impact exercise seems to be an effective strategy to attenuate the risk factors of osteoporosis and osteopenia. The integration of exercise guidelines and individualized exercise plans has significant potential to reduce the morbidity and mortality of osteoporosis.

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Review Article

Effect of Vitamin B6 on Osteoporosis Fracture: Rahmani Welan; J Bone Metab 2023;30(2):141-147.
Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.2.141

Osteoporosis is a medical condition that causes bones to become weak and brittle, making them more likely to break or fracture. This condition occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both. Bones are living tissues that are constantly being broken down and rebuilt. However, as we age, this process slows down, and our bodies may be unable to replace bone as quickly as it is broken down. This can lead to a loss of bone density, making bones weaker and more prone to fracture. Unfortunately, osteoporosis often has no symptoms until a bone is broken, so taking steps to prevent this condition is essential. This may include getting enough calcium and vitamin D, engaging in weight-bearing exercise, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, and taking medication if prescribed by a doctor. Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in various bodily functions. It is part of the B-vitamin complex and is essential for metabolizing proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Vitamin B6 produces neurotransmitters such as serotonin, which helps regulate mood, and dopamine, which is involved in motivation and reward. Several previous studies have found that women with higher intakes of vitamin B6 have higher bone mineral density (BMD) of the hips and spine than women with lower intakes. Another study found that men and women with higher blood levels of vitamin B6 had higher BMD in the hips and spine.

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1. A comprehensive review and advanced biomolecule-based therapies for osteoporosis
Maqsood Ali, Yong-Sik Kim
Journal of Advanced Research.2025; 71: 337. CrossRef
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Karolina Błaszczyk, Małgorzata Szczepanek, Rafał Nowak, Kinga Stuper Szablewska, Ersilia Călina Alexa, Georgeta Pop
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3. Role of vitamins in the development and treatment of osteoporosis (Review)
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4. Functional benefits of ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice on cognition, apathy, and bone health in older adults: A 12‑month randomized controlled trial
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5. Nonlinear dose-response relationship between dietary niacin intake and osteoporosis in U.S. adults over 50 years of age: a cross-sectional study of the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
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6. Relationship of Low Vitamin B6 Status with Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Mortality: A Narrative Review
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Original Articles

Different Pattern of T-Score Discordance between Patients with Atypical Femoral Fracture and Femur Neck Fracture: Byung-Ho Yoon, Jang-Won Park, Chan Woo Lee, Young Do Koh; J Bone Metab 2023;30(1):87-92.
Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.1.87

Background
Our study evaluated the prevalence and pattern of T-score discordance between the spine and hip in Korean patients with atypical femoral fracture (AFF) and femur neck fracture (FNF).
Methods
A total of 49 patients (all women) who were treated for AFF and 1:3 matched 147 female patients with FNF were included from January 2012 to August 2022. A discordance of more than 1.5 between lumbar spine and femur neck bone mineral density (BMD) was defined as a difference and divided into 3 groups: lumbar low (LL; lumbar BMD is less than femur neck BMD), no discordance (ND), and femur neck low (FL; femur neck BMD is less than lumbar BMD). We compared the prevalence and pattern of discordance between 2 groups, and the associated risk factors of T-score discordance among the subjects were evaluated using regression analysis.
Results
The prevalence of discordance was significantly higher in patients with AFF (51%) than in those with FNF (25.2%; p<0.001). LL discordance was found in 46.9% of the patients with AFF but only 4.8% in those with FNF. Conversely, FL discordance was found in 4.1% of the patients with AFF and 20.4% in those with FNF, respectively. No specific risk factor was found as T-score discordance in the 2 groups.
Conclusions
Clinicians should be aware that the pattern of T-score discordance can vary depending on the location of osteoporotic fractures. In addition, a longitudinal study would be necessary to verify the pattern of T-score discordance related to the osteoporotic fracture location.

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1. Association between decreased bone mineral density and Pauwels angle in femoral neck fractures: a cross-sectional study
Soo-Hwan Jung, Yong-Uk Kwon, Ji-Hun Park
Journal of Musculoskeletal Trauma.2026; 39(1): 20. CrossRef
2. Development of AI model for dual detection of low bone mineral density in the femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae using chest radiographs
Yukino Ohta, Kouichi Yamamoto, Yutaka Katayama, Takahiro Ideta, Hiroaki Matsuzawa, Takao Ichida, Akane Utsunomiya, Takayuki Ishida
Journal of Clinical Densitometry.2025; 28(4): 101604. CrossRef
3. Factors Associated with Discordance between Hip and Spine Bone Mineral Density
Weon Kim, Min Kyu Choi
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2025; 15(3): 167. CrossRef

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Trabecular Bone Score and Central Quantitative Computed Tomography for the Prediction of Vertebral Fragility Fractures in Postmenopausal Women: Soree Ryang, Yun Kyung Jeon, Tae Sik Goh, In-Joo Kim, Keunyoung Kim; J Bone Metab 2023;30(1):77-86.
Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.1.77

Background
We aimed to investigate whether densitometry results and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) can predict vertebral fragility fractures (VFF) in postmenopausal women.
Methods
We enrolled 271 postmenopausal women aged >45 years who visited our hospital for health check-ups between September 2016 and September 2017. The lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) densitometry results and trabecular bone score (TBS) were calculated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. vBMD was assessed using central quantitative computed tomography (cQCT). Baseline and follow-up X-ray images were reviewed to evaluate thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures (CFs), according to the Genant criteria.
Results
At baseline, 76 patients (28.0%) had CF. Additional or progressive fractures were noted in 26 participants (9.6%) with a median follow-up of 19.5 months. The median TBS and cQCT were significantly higher in participants without baseline CF than those with baseline CF (p<0.001). During the follow-up, Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that T-scores of the LS and FN <-2.5, degraded microarchitecture based on the TBS (≤1.200), and vBMD <80 mg/cm3 was significantly associated with future osteoporotic CF. The final multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that baseline CF and low TBS and vBMD were significant risk factors for future VFF.
Conclusions
Participants with baseline CF and degraded microarchitecture had higher CF predisposition. Moreover, cQCT can predict future vertebral fractures.

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1. Assessment of trabecular bone score (TBS) in the prediction of vertebral fracture in postmenopausal osteoporosis
Federica Biamonte, Jessica Pepe, Luciano Colangelo, Giovambattista Desideri, Evaristo Ettorre, Luciano Nieddu, Davide Diacinti, Daniele Diacinti, Salvatore Minisola, Cristiana Cipriani
Bone.2025; 190: 117307. CrossRef
2. Functional outcomes following hip fracture with concurrent vertebral fracture within a fracture liaison service
Ong-art Phruetthiphat, Wasin Kanokwongnuwat, Yodhathai Satravaha, Panukorn Pinijprapa, Chaisiri Chaichankul, Pawin Gajaseni
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
3. TBS correlates with bone density and microstructure at trabecular and cortical bone evaluated by HR-pQCT
E. M. F. Gama, L. M. C. Mendonça, F. P. Paranhos-Neto, L. Vieira Neto, M. Madeira, M. L. F. Farias
Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.2024; 42(3): 352. CrossRef
4. Unraveling the relationship between serum parathyroid hormone levels and trabecular bone score: a cross-sectional study
Tingxiao Zhao, Yanlei Li, Jinlong Tian, Yao Kang, Jiongnan Xu, Haiyu Shao, Jinlei Zhou, Chen Xia, Yongguang Wang, Jun Zhang
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
5. Development and validation of a predictive model for vertebral fracture risk in osteoporosis patients
Jun Zhang, Liang Xia, Xueli Zhang, Jiayi Liu, Jun Tang, Jianguo Xia, Yongkang Liu, Weixiao Zhang, Zhipeng Liang, Guangyu Tang, Lin Zhang
European Spine Journal.2024; 33(8): 3242. CrossRef
6. Comparative effectiveness of four techniques for identifying vertebral fragility fractures among elderly patients
Hui-Ya Ma, Ren-Jie Zhang, Lu-Ping Zhou, Yan-Xin Wang, Jia-Qi Wang, Cai-Liang Shen, Xiu-Jun Zhang
European Radiology.2024; 35(6): 3673. CrossRef

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Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry: Hasan M. Isa, Amira A. Ezzaldin, Mohamed M. Alabbasi, Noora H. ALaazmi, Abdulrahman S. Masood, Hissa M. Alabbasi; J Bone Metab 2023;30(1):59-68.
Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.1.59

Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated condition that affects the gastrointestinal system and alters bone growth and bone mineral density (BMD). Here we aimed to study the prevalence and predictors of a low BMD in pediatric patients with IBD.
Methods
This retrospective cross-sectional analytical study included pediatric patients with IBD in whom BMD was evaluated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of the total body and lumbar spine. Osteoporosis was defined as a BMD Z-score ≤-2, osteopenia as -2 to -1, and normal as >-1. Clinical and laboratory findings were compared between patients with and without osteoporosis.
Results
Of the 48 patients, 30 (62.5%) were males, 35 (72.9%) had Crohn’s disease, and 13 (27.1%) had ulcerative colitis. The mean age at diagnosis was 9.9±2.8 years. The median age at the time of the BMD scans was 11.9 (interquartile range, 9.9–14.3) years. Total body BMD scans identified 13 (27.1%) and 16 (33.3%) patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia, respectively. Spinal BMD scans revealed that 17 (39.5%) and 14 (32.6%) patients had osteoporosis and osteopenia, respectively. A low body mass index (BMI) Z-score (p=0.038), ileocolonic disease location (p=0.008), and a low calcium level (p=0.008) were significant predictors of osteoporosis on the total body BMD scans. A low BMI Z-score (p=0.039), decreased hemoglobin level (p=0.018), low calcium level (p=0.033), and infliximab use (p=0.019) were significant predictors of osteoporosis on the spinal BMD scans.
Conclusions
This study showed a high prevalence of low BMD among pediatric patients with IBD. A low BMI, ileocolonic disease location, low hemoglobin and calcium levels, and infliximab use were significantly associated with osteoporosis.

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Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology.2026; 35(6): 72. CrossRef
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Proteek Sen, Suma Uday
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Eunha Bae, Soo Yeun Sim, Su Jin Park, Sung Eun Kim, Seulki Kim, Shin-Hee Kim, Won Kyoung Cho, Kyoung Soon Cho, Min Ho Jung, Byung-Kyu Suh, Moon Bae Ahn
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Renee Dass, Gillian Greenberg, Ronald Thomas, Kirsten Cares
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Alicja E. Ratajczak-Pawłowska, Szymon Hryhorowicz, Aleksandra Szymczak-Tomczak, Ewa Wysocka, Michał Michalak, Marta Kaczmarek-Ryś, Emilia Lis-Tanaś, Lena Bielawska, Andrzej Pławski, Ryszard Słomski, Agnieszka Dobrowolska, Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak
Journal of Applied Genetics.2024; 65(1): 73. CrossRef
8. Causality between Sex Hormones and Bone Mineral Density in Childhood: Age- and Tanner-Stage-Matched Sex Hormone Level May Be an Early Indicator of Pediatric Bone Fragility
Sung Eun Kim, Seulki Kim, Shin-Hee Kim, Won Kyoung Cho, Kyoung Soon Cho, Min Ho Jung, Moon Bae Ahn
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Best Laboratory Screening in Diagnosing Secondary Osteoporosis and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool and the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group Performance in Determining Clinical Risk: A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of the Bone Health in Postmenopausal Brazilian Women: Marcelo Luis Steiner, Gabriela Polvani Crotti, Juliana Daltrino Teodoro, Raissa Kaori Ikeda, Rodolfo Strufaldi, César Eduardo Fernandes, Luciano de Melo Pompei; J Bone Metab 2023;30(1):47-57.
Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.1.47

Background
Identifying postmenopausal women with a high risk of having osteoporosis and fractures is a current challenge. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of biochemical tests in identifying secondary osteoporosis and the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) in identifying fracture risk.
Methods
Data from biochemical tests and bone densitometry of postmenopausal women were analyzed. Additionally, the FRAX result was obtained and the patients were classified according to the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG).
Results
A total of 646 women were evaluated, of whom 201 (31.1%) had osteoporosis or a previous frailty fracture. These women had statistically different parathyroid hormone (PTH) and alkaline phosphatase serum levels (p<0.01 and p=0.02, respectively) than those without osteoporosis or fracture. However, those at high risk had a higher prevalence of hypovitaminosis D (46% vs. 36%) and hypocalciuria (17% vs. 9%). The FRAX showed an area under the curve of 0.757 (p<0.01) and 0.788 (p<0.01) for identifying women at risk for “major fractures” and “hip,” respectively. The NOGG categorization had a sensitivity of 19% to identify high-risk women, a specificity of 91.3% for low-risk women, with a positive predictive value of 57.4% and a negative predictive value of 64.6%.
Conclusions
The evaluation of PTH, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, serum calcium, and 24-hr urinary calcium proved adequate for initial osteoporosis screening. The FRAX tool has a regular ability to screen women at risk for fracture, and the NOGG method has high specificity to identify those at low risk.

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Health-Related Quality of Life in Osteoporosis Patients with and without Fractures in Tehran, Iran: Marziyeh Rajabi, Afshin Ostovar, Ali Akbari Sari, Sayed Mahmoud Sajjadi-Jazi, Abdoreza Mousavi, Bagher Larijani, Noushin Fahimfar, Rajabali Daroudi; J Bone Metab 2023;30(1):37-46.
Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.1.37

Background
This study aimed to measure the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with osteoporosis with and without fractures in Tehran, the capital city of Iran.
Methods
We surveyed a sample of 478 patients with osteoporosis aged over 50 years. Participants with fractures included patients referred to hospitals due to osteoporotic fractures which were alive 6 months after the fracture. Participants without fractures were randomly selected from patients with a definite diagnosis of osteoporosis admitted to 3 outpatient clinics in Tehran. Data were collected using the EuroQol 5-dimensional 5-level questionnaire. Statistical differences between patients with and without fracture were tested with Pearson’s χ² test, Student’s t-test, and the Mann–Whitney U-test. The association between HRQOL and other variables was evaluated using a multiple linear regression model.
Results
The patients’ mean age±standard deviation was 67.3±11.9 years, and 74.1% were women. One hundred and seventeen (23%) patients had hip fractures, 56 (11%) had vertebral fractures, 127 (25%) had forearm fractures, and 178 (40%) had no fractures. The median (interquartile range) values of HRQOL scores of those with hip, vertebral, and forearm fractures and those with no history of fracture were 0.53 (0.22), 0.60 (0.28), 0.64 (0.26), and 0.64 (0.27), respectively. The multiple regression model revealed a significant relationship between the HRQOL scores and sex, marital status, employment status, presence of any chronic illness in addition to osteoporosis, and type of fracture.
Conclusions
Osteoporosis and its related fractures can reduce the HRQOL.

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1. Rehabilitative good clinical practice in the treatment of osteoporosis: a comprehensive review of clinical evidences
Francesco Agostini, Alessandro de Sire, Valerio Sveva, Nikolaos Finamore, Alessio Savina, Andrea Fisicaro, Andrea Bernetti, Valter Santilli, Massimiliano Mangone, Marco Paoloni
Disability and Rehabilitation.2025; 47(16): 4010. CrossRef
2. Cost‑effectiveness analysis of fracture liaison services in Iran
Abdoreza Mousavi, Rajabali Daroudi, Noushin Fahimfar, Afshin Ostovar, Ali Akbari Sari, Mozhdeh Zabihiyeganeh, Mohammad Javad Mansourzadeh, Fatemeh Hajivalizadeh, Bagher Larijani, Alireza Raeisi
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
3. Osteoporotic fractures in adults under 65 without prior indications for BMD testing: a call to reevaluate screening guidelines
Alireza Mirzaei, Mozhdeh Zabihiyeganeh, Pouria Tabrizian, Pegah Heydari, Fahimeh Farajimoghadam
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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5. Hypoglycemic agents and bone health; an umbrella systematic review of the clinical trials’ meta-analysis studies
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6. Editorial: Community series - reducing the burden of age-related disease in relation to osteoporosis, sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia, volume II
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Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Seasonal Variations and Common Places of Hip Fractures in Elderly Patients: Nine Year Consecutive Survey: Kyung-A Choi, Yong-Chan Ha, Kyung-Hag Lee; J Bone Metab 2023;30(1):103-114.
Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2023.30.1.103

Background
Fall prevention is important for reducing hip fractures. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between variables related to hip fractures according to sex and season.
Methods
This study included patients admitted for fragility hip fractures between 2012 and 2021. Patients were interviewed by a junior resident before discharge. Data on sex, age, diagnosis, osteoporosis treatment, direction, voiding problems, ambulatory function, seasons, weather, time of day, place, location, floor condition, activity during fall, and perceived reason for fall were collected and analyzed.
Results
A total of 1,118 patients were included (279 males and 839 females). In both sexes, indoor falls were prevalent throughout all seasons, but males showed a higher proportion of outdoor falls, especially in winter during cloudy or snowy weather. Rooms and walking were the most common locations and activities during falls. The poor ambulatory function was associated with a higher prevalence of indoor falls. Osteoporosis treatment rates were low and did not differ according to Koval stage. Winter was associated with higher osteoporosis non-treatment group. Urgency/incontinence in female patients caused a higher proportion of falls during the evening time.
Conclusions
Strategies for indoor fall prevention and vigilant osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment are important for all seasons, especially for frail elderly patients. Outdoor fall prevention emphasized for male patients, and education around nighttime falls should be provided for female patients with voiding dysfunction.

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2. Relationship Between Sural Nerve Function, Physical Function, and the Ability to Perform Activities of Daily Living in Hospitalized Elderly Patients With Proximal Femoral Fractures: A Prospective Observational Study
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3. Weather and hip fractures: A nine-year study across England and Wales
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4. Indoor falls-related hip and femur fractures decreased during the social distancing period of COVID-19 in South korea: a single-center retrospective cohort study using propensity score matching
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Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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The Association of Coronary Artery Calcium Score and Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study: Mojgan Asadi, Farideh Razi, Noushin Fahimfar, Shapour Shirani, Ghazal Behzad, Pooneh Salari; J Bone Metab 2022;29(4):245-254.
Published online November 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2022.29.4.245

Background
The association between osteoporosis, a common metabolic bone disorder, and atherosclerosis has been reported in different studies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between the coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and bone mineral density (BMD) at different sites and bone biomarkers in postmenopausal women.
Methods
A total of 184 participants were enrolled in this study. The CACS and BMD at different sites, including the spinal, total hip, and femoral neck, were measured using computed tomography angiography and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Serum levels of osteocalcin, β-C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTX), parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D were measured.
Results
A negative association between CACS and bone biomarker levels (osteocalcin, P=0.021; β-CTX, P=0.013) was noted. The univariable model showed an association between CACS and osteoporosis of the femoral neck (P=0.03). It was found that with an increase of 10 U in CACS, the odds of osteoporosis at the femoral neck escalates by 2% (odds ratio=1.02, 95% confidence interval, 1.002–1.03) using the multivariate logistic regression model, while such an association with osteoporosis could not be found at the spinal site. The best cutoff point of the calcium score was estimated to be 127.
Conclusions
The results suggest that in postmenopausal women, coronary atherosclerosis is independently associated with osteoporosis of the femoral neck, but such an association could not be detected with spinal osteoporosis. The importance of screening for osteoporosis in patients with cardiovascular disease and the implications of preventive measures in the primary care setting were highlighted considering the common risk factors.

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1. Computed tomography provides a “one-stop-shop” targeted analysis for coronary artery calcification and osteoporosis: a review
Jing Luo, Qian Wang, Wenhong Liu, Huazhi Liao, Weipeng Qing, Minyi Zhang, Deqiu Tang, Guanghua Luo, Heng Zhao
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Associations of subclinical manifestations of coronary and carotid artery atherosclerosis with bone strength parameters in asymptomatic women
Irina A. Skripnikova, Maria A. Kolchina, Olga V. Kosmatova, Olesia Yu. Isaykina, Vladimir A. Vygodin, Oxana M. Drapkina
Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
3. Bone and Cardiometabolic Connection: Crosstalk between Osteoporosis and Atherosclerosis
Karisma Sarangi, Sydney Sampson, Narasimham L. Parinandi, Mahdi Garelnabi
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics.2025; 83(4): 4287. CrossRef
4. MicroRNAs regulate the vicious cycle of vascular calcification-osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
Qian Wang, Fei Peng, Jing Yang, Xiaolong Chen, Zhaojie Peng, Minyi Zhang, Deqiu Tang, Jianghua Liu, Heng Zhao
Molecular Biology Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
5. Investigating the Effects and Mechanisms of Combined Vitamin D and K Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: An Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review of Clinical Studies
Marius Emil Rusu, Galya Bigman, Alice S. Ryan, Daniela-Saveta Popa
Nutrients.2024; 16(14): 2356. CrossRef
6. Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Management of Bone Loss in Patients with Critical Illness
Taejin Kim, Hyojin Kim
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7. Association between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in elderly people: evidence from a retrospective study
Xiaoying Hu, Shucan Ma, Liman Chen, Chunhui Tian, Weiwei Wang
PeerJ.2023; 11: e16546. CrossRef
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Effect of Lactobacillus Fermentum as a Probiotic Agent on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women: Hee Soo Han, Jung Geul Kim, Yoon Hyo Choi, Kyoung Min Lee, Tae Hun Kwon, Sae Hun Kim; J Bone Metab 2022;29(4):225-233.
Published online November 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2022.29.4.225

Background
Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host. Many animal studies have shown that among the probiotics, lactobacilli exert favorable effects on bone metabolism. Herein, we report the results of a randomized controlled trial performed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) SRK414 on bone health in postmenopausal women.
Methods
The bone turnover markers (BTMs) and bone mineral density (BMD) in participants in the study group (N=27; mean age, 58.4±3.4 years) and control group (N=26; mean age, 59.5±3.4 years) were compared during a 6-month trial. BTMs were measured at pretrial, 3 months post-trial, and 6 months post-trial, while BMD was measured at pre-trial and 6 months post-trial. Changes in the gut microorganisms were also evaluated.
Results
Femur neck BMD showed a significant increase at 6 months post-trial in the study group (P=0.030) but not in the control group. The control group showed a decrease in osteocalcin (OC) levels (P=0.028), whereas the levels in the study group were maintained during the trial period. The change in L. fermentum concentration was significantly correlated with that in OC levels (r=0.386, P=0.047) in the study group at 3 months post-trial.
Conclusions
Probiotic (L. fermentum SRK414) supplementation was found to maintain OC levels and increase femur neck BMD during a 6-month trial in postmenopausal women. Further studies with a larger number of participants and a longer study period are required to increase the utility of probiotics as an alternative to osteoporosis medication.

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3. Efficacy and safety of probiotic/synbiotic supplementation for osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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Food Bioscience.2025; 66: 106267. CrossRef
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Review Articles

The Role of Bisphosphonates Prior to Denosumab Treatment on Rebound Fractures: A Mini Review: Arthur Costa Inojosa, Laís Mendes, Leonardo Bandeira, Francisco Bandeira; J Bone Metab 2022;29(4):217-223.
Published online November 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2022.29.4.217

Denosumab is a potent anti-resorptive medication used to treat patients at high risk for osteoporosis; however, its beneficial effects on the skeletal system are quickly reversed after discontinuation. In contrast, bisphosphonates (BPs) are anti-resorptive agents with residual effects on the bone matrix; thus, these are capable of preserving bone mass for a long time. Therefore, subsequent anti-resorptive treatment with BPs is mandatory to prevent rebound fractures. Furthermore, BP administration before denosumab treatment appears to be a reasonable strategy for reducing hyperactivation of bone remodeling. In this review, we summarize the effects of BP administration before denosumab treatment in preventing rebound fractures after denosumab discontinuation.

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Position Statement: Vitamin D Intake to Prevent Osteoporosis and Fracture in Adults: Anna Han, Yongsoon Park, Young-Kyun Lee, So Young Park, Clara Yongjoo Park; J Bone Metab 2022;29(4):205-215.
Published online November 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2022.29.4.205

Adequate vitamin D status is essential for bone health. New randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone health have recently been published. This position statement updates and expands on the previous 2015 position statement of the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research on the adequate vitamin D status for healthy older adults (age ≥ 70 years) and those at high risk of osteoporosis and fracture (adults on osteoporosis medications) to maintain serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels ≥ 20 ng/mL but < 50 ng/mL. A serum 25(OH)D level of 30 ng/mL may be beneficial for those on anti-resorptives. Vitamin D can be obtained from ultraviolet light exposure and diet. To reach the target vitamin D status through intake, adults must consume at least 400 IU/day to reach 20 ng/mL and 800 to 1,000 IU/day to reach 30 ng/mL. Foods familiar to the Korean diet that are high in vitamin D content or consumed frequently enough to positively impact vitamin D status are introduced in addition to the amount required to help reach one’s target vitamin D status.

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Original Article

Effects of the Revised Reimbursement Guideline for Anti-Osteoporosis Medication in South Korea: Young-Seung Ko, Yeonsuk Jeong, Jung-Wee Park, Young-Kyun Lee, Kyung-Hoi Koo; J Bone Metab 2022;29(3):191-196.
Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2022.29.3.191

Background
The Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) reimbursement guideline was revised in May 2015 with the aim of preventing secondary osteoporotic fractures. Here we compared the: (1) rate of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements; (2) prescription rate of anti-osteoporosis medication within 3 months after hip fracture surgery (HFS); (3) incidence of a second hip fracture; and (4) first-year mortality rate after HFS.
Methods
This before-after study used the revised reimbursement system as a reference period. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 515 patients who underwent HFS at a tertiary referral hospital between January 2014 and December 2016. The period 1 group underwent HFS in 2014, while the period 2 group underwent HFS in 2016.
Results
Despite the fact that there was no significant intergroup difference in BMD measurement rate, the period 2 group had a higher prescription rate for anti-osteoporosis drugs within 3 months of HFS. However, the incidence of a second hip fracture did not differ between groups. The first-year mortality rate was higher in the period 1 versus period 2 group.
Conclusions
Revision of the NHI guideline in May 2015 was associated with an increased prescription rate of anti-osteoporosis medication in osteoporotic hip fracture patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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