Background The murine tibia is a remarkable bone in which to study mechanoadaptive responses. Studies into age-related shifts in these responses do not, however, fully explain sex-specific bone architectural changes related to age. Here, we generate data from male subjects to evaluate whether load-induced skeletal responses are modularised and age-related.
Methods Tibiae in young (12-week-old), mature (22-week-old), and aged (18-month-old) C57Bl/6 male mice were subjected to pre-calibrated right limb (left, control) loading for 2 weeks. Cortical bone formation was measured in young and mature mice at 3 positions, and new bone formation was evaluated in aged mice at a single location. Micro-computed tomography scans were used to measure trabecular changes.
Results We found that loading increased cortical formation at all tibial positions in young, and all except the most distal position in mature mice. Intriguingly, total cortical formation was also significantly greater in loaded tibiae in aged males. Loading failed to modify trabecular mass/architecture at any age.
Conclusions We conclude that load-induced cortical responses are partially retained, whereas trabecular bone appears resistant to loading in males of all ages. These data indicate modular patterns of mechanoadaptation across bone compartments that align with the emergence of age-related skeletal frailty.
Background The skull is a complex structure formed by the craniofacial bones’ elaborate organization. The growth pattern in each craniofacial bone of the postnatal skull has been presented in wild-type mice. However, the skull’s growth pattern, determined by the craniofacial bones’ coordinated growth, is unfamiliar. This study aimed to examine the overall morphological change in the mid-sagittal plane of the postnatal mice’s skulls and interaction between the craniofacial bones.
Methods Geometric morphometric principal component analysis was performed in the mid-sagittal plane of 31 wild-type mice’s skulls from postnatal days 28 to 98. The relationship between the cranial base and cranial vault was investigated by comparing skulls with early fusion and non-fusion of intersphenoid synchondrosis (ISS).
Results The cranial vault flattening and sphenoid bone length increased with age. The cranial vault curvature and sphenoid base length showed a positive correlation that was confirmed by comparing the skulls with early fusion and non-fusion of ISS. The sphenoid bone length and cranial vault angle significantly decreased in the skulls with early fusion of ISS compared to non-fusion skulls.
Conclusions It is suggested that the cranial vault flattening is sphenoid bone length-induced but cranial vault length-independent during postnatal mice skull development.
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Sarcopenia leads to loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength due to aging; it was recently given a disease code (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification, M62.84). As a result, in recent years, sarcopenia-related research has increased. In addition, various studies seeking to prevent and treat sarcopenia by identifying the various mechanisms related to the reduction of skeletal muscle properties have been conducted. Previous studies have identified muscle synthesis and breakdown; investigating them has generated evidence for preventing and treating sarcopenia. Mouse models are still the most useful ones for determining mechanisms underlying sarcopenia through correlations and interventions involving specific genes and their phenotypes. Mouse models used to study sarcopenia often induce muscle atrophy by hindlimb unloading, denervation, or immobilization. Though it is less frequently used, the senescence-accelerated mouse can also be useful for sarcopenia research. Herein, we discuss cases where senescence-accelerated and genetically engineered mouse models were used in sarcopenia research and different perspectives to use them.
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Background As an instrument for measuring body composition in experimental animals, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is ideal for accuracy, cost, and measurement efficiency. However, there is too little insight into the effectiveness of the various aspects of applying DXA to experimental animals. We investigated whether to compare and verify the precision and accuracy of DXA and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) animal body composition analyzers.
Methods We used 30 Institution of Cancer Research mice in the study. First, in order to evaluate the reproducibility of DXA and NMR, we did repeated measurements by repositioning each mouse in anesthesia and euthanasia states. Subsequently, the accuracy of each device was evaluated by comparing the weight measured before the experiment, the weight of the tissue extracted from the mice after the experiment, and the measured DXA and NMR. In addition, when measuring the body composition of animals, we compared the time and the measurable body composition parameters and summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the 2 devices.
Results Compared to NMR, DXA had the advantage of a fast measurement of bone composition and rapid image analysis. In addition, DXA showed a higher correlation (>95%) with fat mass, lean mass baseline than did NMR (>85%).
Conclusions In conclusion, DXA was confirmed to have higher precision and measurement accuracy than did NMR. Therefore, DXA is an effective method for evaluating the body composition of experimental animals.
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