Journal of Bone Metabolism

"Body composition"

Original Articles

Cross-Calibration of Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition between GE Lunar Prodigy and Hologic Horizon W Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Systems: Sujin Kim, Guen Young Lee, Jun-Il Yoo, Sang-Wook Lee, Yong-Chan Ha; J Bone Metab 2026;33(1):84-93.
Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.26.1014

Background
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements vary among instruments from different manufacturers. This study aimed to assess the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition measured by the GE Lunar Prodigy and Hologic Horizon W DXA systems and to develop conversion equations.
Methods
A total of 120 healthy volunteers (59 males, 61 females) aged 20 to 70 years were scanned on both DXA systems on the same day. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and bilateral femurs. Body composition parameters were measured for the whole body and regional sites. Bland-Altman analysis, Pearson correlation, and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used to assess agreement. Linear regression was performed to derive conversion equations.
Results
The Hologic system measured BMD values 14% to 20% lower at the lumbar spine and 8% to 17% lower at femoral sites compared to the GE Lunar system (all P<0.0001). Lean mass values were 4% to 10% lower on the Hologic system. Very strong correlations were observed for both BMD (r=0.944-0.980) and lean mass (r=0.963-0.984). Cross-calibration equations were developed for all measurement sites.
Conclusions
Despite significant systematic differences, there was very high correlation between the two DXA systems. The conversion equations can facilitate comparison of measurements between these systems in clinical practice and research.

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Determinants of Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: The Role of Lean and Fat Mass by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Assessment: Luis A. Ramírez Stieben, Lucas R. Brun, Silvana Di Gregorio, Luis Miguel Del Río Barquero, María Lorena Brance; J Bone Metab 2025;32(4):306-314.
Published online November 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.25.881

Background
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a key predictor of fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Evidence on the influence of fat and lean mass (LM) on BMD remains contradictory. This study aimed to assess the associations between BMD at different sites (whole-body, upper, and lower limbs) and anthropometric and body composition variables measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in postmenopausal women.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 308 healthy postmenopausal women. Anthropometric data and whole-body DXA scans were used to measure BMD, total fat mass (FM), LM, appendicular LM index (ALMI), and abdominal fat. Pearson or Spearman correlation analyses were used according to variable distribution, and a correlation matrix along with variance inflation factor analyses was used to reduce 18 variables to a final set of 5. Multiple linear regression models were built for BMD at each site.
Results
Age was negatively correlated with BMD at all sites. Total LM and ALMI demonstrated positive correlations with BMD, whereas body mass index (BMI) and abdominal fat exhibited weaker positive associations. In multivariable analyses, age was negatively associated with whole-body BMD, while total LM was positively associated. For lower-limb BMD, age and total LM were significant predictors, with BMI showing a positive but weaker association. For upper-limb BMD, total LM, and ALMI were all positively associated. The models demonstrated satisfactory fit (adjusted R², 0.341-0.438; global P<0.0001).
Conclusions
Age and total LM were independently and consistently associated with BMD in postmenopausal women, whereas FM and BMI had a limited impact.

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Relationships among Physical Activity Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Obese and Athletes: Dutsadee Suttho, Sudarat Apibantaweesakul, Jatesupa Soponputthaporn, Salintip Hemapaibun, Maitee Santipongphibool, Chatchaya Tengcharoenkul; J Bone Metab 2024;31(4):326-334.
Published online November 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.24.791

Background
Osteoporosis is a significant global public health issue, increasingly affecting younger individuals and placing substantial economic burdens on society. Risk factors vary, with non-modifiable ones like age and ethnicity, as well as modifiable factors including corticosteroid use, caffeine intake, and reduced exercise. This study examines the relationship between bone density, body components, and physical activity (PA) in enhancing bone health, particularly in obese athletes.
Methods
The 66 participants aged 18 to 30 were classified into two groups: 34 obese and 32 athletes. Measured parameters included body composition through bioelectrical impedance analysis, and bone mineral density (BMD) via quantitative ultrasound, while PA was assessed using the International PA Questionnaire.
Results
Our findings revealed a significant positive correlation between BMD and PA (r=0.284, P=0.023). Additionally, PA demonstrated strong negative correlations with body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and visceral fat (r=-0.738, r=-0.733, and r=-0.704 respectively, all P<0.001). In contrast, no significant correlation was observed between PA and lean mass (r=0.065, P=0.609). BMD was negatively associated with BMI and visceral fat, while a robust correlation between basal metabolic rate and lean mass was evident.
Conclusions
A study comparing athletes involved in high-impact sports indicated that these athletes maintained adequate BMD for their chronological age (Z-score≥-2.0). Moreover, a significant difference in BMD was observed when comparing the athletes to the obese group(P=0.018).

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Open, Active-Controlled Clinical Study to Evaluate the Correlation between Whole Body DEXA and BIA Muscle Measurements: Yong-Chan Ha, Shinjune Kim, Jun-Il Yoo; J Bone Metab 2024;31(3):219-227.
Published online August 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.3.219

Background
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard for diagnosing sarcopenia. However, comparative studies using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) would be required in the Korean population. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between total-body bone density measuring devices (Hologic and GE Lunar) and a bioelectrical impedance measurement device (InBody 970) as well as the correlation between upper body muscle mass.
Methods
A total of 119 participants were involved in this study, aged 20 to 70 years, with specific body mass index ranges and no severe health conditions used both DXA (or DEXA) and BIA technologies to assess body composition. The participants were scanned using a Hologic QDR-4500W DXA scanner and GE-Lunar Prodigy DXA systems, and the InBody 970 type of multi-frequency BIA machine. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the correlation between the devices, with a coefficient of at least 0.8.
Results
The muscle mass measurement comparisons between the InBody 970 and Hologic devices demonstrated remarkably high correlation coefficients (exceeding 0.9) across all limbs. Similarly, the muscle mass comparison between the Inbody 970 and GE Lunar devices also revealed substantial correlation coefficients, ranging from 0.83 upwards, across all limbs.
Conclusions
Limb muscle mass measurements using Hologic and GE Lunar whole-body DXA and Inbody 970 BIA demonstrated particularly high levels of concordance. In addition, a conversion formula that bridges limb muscle mass measurements from two widely used whole-body DXA machines and a BIA machine will facilitate sarcopenia research and patient management.

Citations

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1. Validity of DEXA-Derived Thigh Muscle Quantification Against AI-Assisted CT: Inter-Limb Asymmetry Provides Superior Agreement over Absolute Values
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Leonie Cordelia Burgard, Siri Goldschmidt, Verena Alexia Ohse, Hans Joachim Herrmann, Dejan Reljic, Markus Friedrich Neurath, Yurdagül Zopf
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3. Beyond Body Mass Index: Appendicular Lean Mass Index‐Defined Sarcopenia and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome—A Cross‐Sectional Analysis
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7. Evaluating the Accuracy and Clinical Utility of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) Devices for Body Composition Measurements in Clinical Practice: Comparison of Four Types of BIA Equipment and Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
So Youn LEE, Hwayeon SUN, Sung Hwan BAE, Ju Yeon SON, Byungwook YOO
Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2025; 25(2): 50. CrossRef
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11. Body composition differences in patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Karen D. Bernal-Contreras, Montserrat Berrospe-Alfaro, Regina López de Cárdenas-Rojo, Martha H. Ramos-Ostos, Misael Uribe, Iván López-Méndez, Eva Juárez-Hernández
Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Review Article

Body Composition, Sarcopenia, and Serum Myokines in Acromegaly: A Narrative Review: Arthur Costa Inojosa, Ana Vitória Hirt Ribeiro, Thaís Florêncio Araújo, Maria Eduarda Xavier, Daniella Rêgo, Francisco Bandeira; J Bone Metab 2024;31(3):182-195.
Published online August 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2024.31.3.182

Patients with active acromegaly have a higher percentage of lean body mass, a lower percentage of fat body mass, and an increase in their extracellular water compartment compared to healthy individuals. However, muscle function appears to be compromised in patients with acromegaly, with some experiencing worsened physical performance and sarcopenia. Myokine alterations, insulin resistance, dysregulation of protein metabolism, muscle oxidative stress, neuromuscular junction impairment, and increased ectopic intramuscular fat deposits may play roles in muscle dysfunction in patients with acromegaly.

Citations

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1. Impact of pain on quality of life (QoL) in patients with acromegaly: profound differences in physical and mental aspects of QoL
Lisa Schock, Anna Lena Friedel, Sonja Siegel, Nicole Unger, Lukas van Baal, Jürgen Honegger, Sabrina Giese, Timo Deutschbein, Mario Detomas, Karsten Wrede, Yahya Ahmadipour, Ilonka Kreitschmann-Andermahr
Endocrine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Unraveling the Metabolic Pathways Between Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) and Sarcopenia
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(10): 4673. CrossRef
3. Sarcopenic obesity and physical function in acromegaly: impact of disease control and evaluation using dual X-ray absorptiometry and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis
Arthur Costa Inojosa, Ana Vitória Hirt, Thaís Araújo, Maria Eduarda Ferreira, Luma Andrade, Vinícius Cunha, Daniella Rego, Aline Lopes, Francisco Bandeira
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2025; 48(9): 2027. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Cross-Calibration of Bone Mineral Densities and Body Composition between GE Lunar Prodigy and Osteosys Primus: Yong-Chan Ha, Jun-Il Yoo; J Bone Metab 2021;28(3):215-221.
Published online August 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2021.28.3.215

Background
The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition measured by the Osteosys Primus^® and the GE Lunar Prodigy^® and to calculate the conversion rate between the 2 devices.
Methods
The 40 subjects were men and women in aged 20 to 29 years old. All participants were scanned twice on both the Osteosys Primus (OsteoSys) and the GE Lunar Prodigy (GE Healthcare) DXA systems using the manufacturers’ standard scanning and positioning protocols.
Results
Compared to the GE Lunar device, the mean Osteosys fat mass was overestimated to be 12.1% (1,776.9 g) in the whole body, 5.1% (163.9 g) in gynoid, and 6.7% (87.2 g) in android. Compared with the GE Lunar device, the mean BMDs of the Osteosys Primus were underestimated to be 2.3% (0.023 g/cm²) in the whole body and 3.1% (0.035 g/cm²) in L1-4. Compared with the GE Lunar device, the mean lean mass derived by the Osteosys Primus were underestimated to 2.3% (1,045.3 g) in the total body, 3.8% (179.4 g) in arms, and 7.7% (1,104.8 g) in legs, respectively. There were a strong correlation of BMD and body composition between both groups.
Conclusions
Linear correction equations were developed to ensure comparability of BMD and muscle mass between the Osteosys Primus and the GE Lunar Prodigy. Importantly, use of equations from previous studies would have increased the discrepancy between the Osteosys Primus and the GE Lunar Prodigy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

1. Cross-Calibration of Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition between GE Lunar Prodigy and Hologic Horizon W Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Systems
Sujin Kim, Guen Young Lee, Jun-Il Yoo, Sang-Wook Lee, Yong-Chan Ha
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2026; 33(1): 84. CrossRef
2. Inter‐scanner variability in bone mineral density and T‐score measurements: A comparison of Stratos, Lunar, and Osteosys DXA systems
Yakup Erden, Mustafa H. Temel, Fatih Bağcıer
Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
3. Cross-Calibration of Areal Bone Mineral Densities and Body Composition between DMS Stratos and Hologic Horizon A Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometers: The Effect of Body Mass Index
Laurent Maïmoun, Sandrine Alonso, Krishna Kunal Mahadea, Julien Dubois, Tom Paunet, Florentin Kucharczak, Lisa Maïmoun Nande, Vincent Boudousq, Thibault Mura, Denis Mariano-Goulart
Journal of Clinical Densitometry.2025; 28(1): 101553. CrossRef
4. Opportunistic screening of low bone mass using knowledge distillation-based deep learning in chest X-rays with external validations
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Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Nezahat Muge Catikkas, Vildan Binay Safer, Suleyman Bas, Deniz Sevindik Gunay, Ayfer Durak, Irem Kirac Utku, Umut Safer
Journal of Clinical Ultrasound.2024; 52(5): 608. CrossRef
6. Standardization of body composition parameters between GE Lunar iDXA and Hologic Horizon A and their clinical impact
Colin Vendrami, Guillaume Gatineau, Elena Gonzalez Rodriguez, Olivier Lamy, Didier Hans, Enisa Shevroja
JBMR Plus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
7. Open, Active-Controlled Clinical Study to Evaluate the Correlation between Whole Body DEXA and BIA Muscle Measurements
Yong-Chan Ha, Shinjune Kim, Jun-Il Yoo
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2024; 31(3): 219. CrossRef
8. Effects of Twenty-Four Weeks of Resistance Exercise Training on Body Composition, Bone Mineral Density, Functional Fitness and Isokinetic Muscle Strength in Obese Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park, Won-Sang Jung, Kiwon Lim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(21): 14554. CrossRef

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Effect of Cross-Sex Hormones on Body Composition, Bone Mineral Density, and Muscle Strength in Trans Women: Yeoul Yun, Dongyoung Kim, Eun Sil Lee; J Bone Metab 2021;28(1):59-66.
Published online February 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2021.28.1.59

Background
Cross-sex hormone therapy (CHT) changes the physical characteristics of transgender women to match their gender identity and expression. This study aimed to determine the effects of feminizing cross-sex hormones on body composition, bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle strength in transgender women.
Methods
A prospective observational study assessed 11 participants who underwent feminizing CHT. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and handgrip strength were measured before CHT and after 6-months of CHT. Fat mass, lean body mass (LBM), and BMD were measured by DXA and handgrip strength was measured by hand-dynamometer.
Results
Regional body fat in the trunk, legs, and gynoid region increased by 18%, 27.4%, and 27.2%, respectively after 6 months of CHT. Total body fat increased by 16.2%, while the fat mass ratio decreased by 7.2%. Although body fat increased, the android/gynoid fat ratio decreased; BMD in the lumbar spine significantly increased by 3.9% (P=0.0051), but changes in the femoral neck (P=0.1969) and total femur (P=0.4769) were not significant. Changes in LBM ranged from -3% (trunk) to -8% (arm region). Right-hand grip strength also significantly decreased by 7.7% (P=0.0467).
Conclusions
After 6 months of CHT, transgender women showed a general increase in fat mass and a decreased in overall LBM and handgrip strength. Increase in fat mass percentage were more remarkable in gynoid region, leading to a more “female” body fat distribution.

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Validation of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the Analysis of Body Composition in Mice: Kyung-Wan Baek, Ji-Seok Kim, Jin Sung Park, So-Jeong Kim, Yong-Chan Ha, Ok-Yi Jeong, Jun-Il Yoo; J Bone Metab 2020;27(4):291-299.
Published online November 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2020.27.4.291

Background
As an instrument for measuring body composition in experimental animals, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is ideal for accuracy, cost, and measurement efficiency. However, there is too little insight into the effectiveness of the various aspects of applying DXA to experimental animals. We investigated whether to compare and verify the precision and accuracy of DXA and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) animal body composition analyzers.
Methods
We used 30 Institution of Cancer Research mice in the study. First, in order to evaluate the reproducibility of DXA and NMR, we did repeated measurements by repositioning each mouse in anesthesia and euthanasia states. Subsequently, the accuracy of each device was evaluated by comparing the weight measured before the experiment, the weight of the tissue extracted from the mice after the experiment, and the measured DXA and NMR. In addition, when measuring the body composition of animals, we compared the time and the measurable body composition parameters and summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the 2 devices.
Results
Compared to NMR, DXA had the advantage of a fast measurement of bone composition and rapid image analysis. In addition, DXA showed a higher correlation (>95%) with fat mass, lean mass baseline than did NMR (>85%).
Conclusions
In conclusion, DXA was confirmed to have higher precision and measurement accuracy than did NMR. Therefore, DXA is an effective method for evaluating the body composition of experimental animals.

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1. Small animal DXA instrument comparison and validation
Jennifer C. Coulombe, David E. Maridas, Jarred L. Chow, Mary L. Bouxsein
Bone.2024; 178: 116923. CrossRef
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So-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Wan Baek, Youn-Kwan Jung, Ji-Seok Kim, Bo-Gyu Kim, Hak Sun Yu, Jin Sung Park, Jun-Il Yoo
Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry.2023; 79(1): 71. CrossRef
3. Antiobesity Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei Subsp. paracasei, L. casei 431 on High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats
Yun Jeong Shin, Jung-Min Bae, Hye-Rin Cho, Patience Mahoro, Hye Hyun Kim, Seon Hwa Kim, Tae Hoon Kim, Min-Jung Bae
Journal of Medicinal Food.2023; 26(7): 445. CrossRef
4. Impact of Two Whole-Body Vibration Exercise Protocols on Body Composition of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Aline Reis-Silva, Ana C. Coelho-Oliveira, Elzi Martins-Anjos, Márcia Cristina Moura-Fernandes, Alessandra Mulder, Vinicius Layter Xavier, Vanessa A. Mendonça, Ana C. R. Lacerda, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos, Redha Taiar, Alessandro Sartorio, Mario Berna
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 20(1): 436. CrossRef
5. Screening for Sarcopenia (Physical Frailty) in the COVID-19 Era
Amira Mohammed Ali, Hiroshi Kunugi, Gerardo Garcia-Rivas
International Journal of Endocrinology.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef

15,895 View
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Characteristics of Appendicular Tissue Components in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Bon San Koo, Byung-Ho Yoon; J Bone Metab 2020;27(1):35-42.
Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2020.27.1.35

Background

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of appendicular lean mass (ALM) associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to analyze appendicular tissue components in patients with RA.

Methods

We prospectively reviewed of patients with RA who underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in a single center. From data of 28 patients, ALM was calculated. Regression analysis was used to investigate the association between ALM and RA. Using propensity score matching, patients with RA were compared to the control group from 18,698 patients of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys data. RA and control group were matched in a 1: 5, respectively.

Results

In regression model, there was significantly negative association between disease activity score and ALM index in patients with RA in unadjusted (β=−0.387, 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.729 to −0.045) and model adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (β=−0.227, 95% CI, −0.451 to −0.003). In matching with age and sex, the arms fat mass and fat fraction of RA group were significantly lower than that of control group. In matching with age, sex, and body mass index, the ALM index and legs lean mass of RA group were significantly higher than control group.

Conclusions

Patients with RA have a lower ALM with higher disease activity. In addition, we found that patients with RA had different tissue component in arms and legs compared to general population.

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1. Does Bone Mineral Density Differ between Fan-Beam and Pencil-Beam?: A Meta-Analysis and Systemic Review
Byung-Ho Yoon, Young Do Koh, Jun-Il Yoo, Sujin Kim, Guen Young Lee, Sung Bin Park, Yong-Chan Ha
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2021; 28(1): 67. CrossRef
2. Prevalence of Sarcopenia and its Association with Antirheumatic Drugs in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Thang Dao, Ben Kirk, Steven Phu, Sara Vogrin, Gustavo Duque
Calcified Tissue International.2021; 109(5): 475. CrossRef

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Association between Colorectal Adenoma and Hand Grip Strength in the Elderly: Ji Hyun Moon, Ye Ji Kim, Yun Hwan Oh, Mi Hee Kong, Hyeon Ju Kim; J Bone Metab 2019;26(3):161-167.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2019.26.3.161

Background

Obesity is known as an important risk factor for colorectal adenoma. However, for the elderly with changes in body composition, reduced muscle, and increased fat, the body mass index (BMI), one of the most commonly used indicators of obesity, is limited in predicting a link to colorectal cancer. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between colorectal adenoma and grip strength that can predict muscle reduction in the elderly.

Methods

This study included 262 participants aged ≥65 years who underwent medical examination between June 2015 and August 2018. The control group comprised participants with normal findings or hyperplasia and other benign lesions, except adenoma on colonoscopy, whereas the adenoma group consisted of participants with more than one adenoma. Grip strength was alternately measured twice for each hand using a hydraulic dynamometer.

Results

The grip strength was statistically lower in the adenoma group than in the control group among women (P=0.042). For both sexes, grip strength was significantly lower in participants with ≥5 adenomas than in those with <5 adenomas (P=0.021, P=0.007). Similarly, men with large adenomas (≥7 mm) exhibited significantly lower grip strength than did those with small adenomas (<7 mm) (P=0.004). Even after correction for age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, exercise, insulin resistance, hypertension, and diabetes, the negative correlation between grip strength and number of adenomas among men and women remained (P=0.034, P=0.019).

Conclusions

A significant relationship between hand grip strength and number of colorectal adenomas was noted.

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Nutrition and Cancer.2022; 74(6): 2067. CrossRef
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PLOS ONE.2022; 17(7): e0270631. CrossRef
4. Prevalence of Colorectal Polyps Based on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Muscle Strength, Health Behavior, and Abdominal Obesity in Asymptomatic Elderly
Shiyu Zhang, Junyong Zhang, Yonghwan Kim, Wangyang Zhang
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Review Article

Sarcopenia: Definition, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology: Tae Nyun Kim, Kyung Mook Choi; J Bone Metab 2013;20(1):1-10.
Published online May 13, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2013.20.1.1

The epidemiological trends that characterize our generation are the aging of the population. Aging results in a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength called sarcopenia, which is Greek for 'poverty of flesh'. Sarcopenia could lead to functional impairment, physical disability, and even mortality. Today, sarcopenia is a matter of immense public concern for aging prevention. Its prevalence continues to rise, probably as a result of increasing elderly populations all over the world. This paper addressed the definition and epidemiology of sarcopenia and its underlying pathophysiology. In addition, we summarized the abundant information available in the literature related to sarcopenia, together with results from Korean sarcopenic obesity study (KSOS) that we performed.

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